1. Sediments and Methods of Their Study 2. Erosional Processes 2.1. Weathering 2.2. Transport 3. Depositional Processes and Sediment Types 3.1. Features of Detrital Sediments 3.2. Bedforms and Sedimentary Structures 3.3. Trace Fossils 3.4. Gravity Flows 3.5. Classification of Detrital Sediments 3.6. Origin of Chemogenic and Biogenic Sediments 3.7. Classification of Carbonate Rocks 4. Depositional Environments 4.1. Arid Continental Environments 4.2. Humid Continental Environments 4.3. Glacial Sediments 4.4. Shallow Marine Sediments 4.5. Deep Marine Sediments 5. Sedimentary Basins and Their Types and Preservation 6. The Facies Concept and Multi-Story Sedimentary Packages 7. Post-Depositional Processes 8. Sediment Utilization Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch

堆積岩 = Sedimentary rocks

This study investigates the geochemistry of Al-Lith coastal sediments using the spatial distributions of grain size and of some environmentally sensitive chemical elements and their geochemical zonation. The results show that the sediments are characterized by a wide range of grain sizes and consist mainly of terrigenous and biogenic carbonate materials. Statistical analyses of the data show three main factors controlling the distribution of elements. They are grain size, mineralogical composition, and organic carbon content. According to the elemental associations and distributions, four geochemical zones are identified. Zones A and C are dominated by carbonate-rich sediments and high concentrations of Ca and Sr and lesser Mg. Zones B and D consist of sandy and muddy sediments with low carbonate contents and significant concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cr, and Cu. Elements show differences in partitioning trends, indicating varied elemental behaviors with environmental and sedimentological significance.

Geochemical Characterization of Al-Lith Coastal Sediments, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia

Modern sedimentary facies, depositional environments, and major controlling processes on an arid siliciclastic coast, Al qahmah, SE Red Sea, Saudi Arabia

This paper aims to study the environmental impact of the human inference on the coastal zone of Sarum area, Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia. In the past, the study area was occupied by coastal lagoons that were connected with the sea with several inlets. Change detection technique based on multi-date satellite images in the last 44 years indicated the occurrence of environmental changes accompanied the construction of the main asphaltic road of the Red Sea that separated some coastal lagoons at the studied area from the Red Sea. Field investigation and litho- and bio-facies distribution indicated the existence of six lateral facies types: gypsum, microbial mats, halite, Quaternary coral reef terrace, bioclasts, and siliciclastic sand sheets. The lateral distribution of these facies is related to the following changes: (1) disconnection between the coastal lagoons and the sea, (2) extensive contraction of the coastal lagoons and formation of saline ponds, (3) exposure of the submerged Quaternary coral reef terrace, (4) increasing of the salinity of the ponds up to 270‰, and (5) deposition of the evaporitic facies types (gypsum and halite) over intertidal and subtidal marine carbonates. Based on the above-mentioned criteria, the human activity leads to environmental changes in the Sarum area from coastal lagoons dominated with carbonate deposits into hypersaline ponds dominated with evaporitic deposits.

Human-induced changes in sedimentary facies and depositional environments, Sarum area, Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia

The utilization of eolian sands as construction fine aggregates in bricks and mortar production has been achieved on dune sands collected from Jeddah-Al-Lith area (Saudi Arabia). These dune sands had been mixed with well-graded crushed fine aggregates at a variety mixing ratio fluctuated between 10 and 100% of the total volume of sand at constant ratio 1:2:3 (cement/water/sand). By comparing the physical characteristics (grain size, specific gravity, texture) mineral composition, workability and compressive strength features of the study materials, it is found that similarity with the most of the dune sands characteristics which reported in pervious literatures. The obtained results show that except for the gradational and textural features, these materials are fitting as construction fine aggregates when the mixing ratio not exceed than 50% of the total quantity of sands. Up to 50%, the compressive strength will be abruptly decreased owing to internal failure as a result of bleeding and segregation of raw mixtures before consolidation processes that due to increasing of surface area of well-rounded and high sphericity of dune grains.

Geotechnical performance of sandy bricks made with fine aggregates of sand dunes, Saudi Arabia

Sediment characteristics are the indicators of the intensity and geological history of the processes active in an area. Their association with different geomorphic features also signifies the present day conditions of deposition. In this study, variations in sediment characteristics associated with different geomorphic features, such as the coastal zone, two islands and a lagoon in the Al-Lith area of central-west coast of Saudi Arabia have been analysed. Whereas, the detrital sediments (sand + mud) are common (61–87 %) in most of the subunits of the coastal zone; the nondetrital (carbonate rich) sediments are more common (54–95 %) on the two islands as well as the lagoon; indicating distinct sources of sediments in these regions. The variation of sediment texture between sand and sandy silt in most geomorphic units, also shows that they are exposed to high-energy conditions, whereas occurrence of heavy minerals in small proportions (<7 %) indicates limited inputs from land-based igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sediment mean size vs. standard deviation shows that the sediment characteristics of a geomorphic unit (e.g. beach or sand bar) on the coast and on the island are different owing to different processes responsible for their formation.

Sedimentary variations of geomorphic subenvironments at Al-Lith area, central-west coast of Saudi Arabia, Red Sea

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Sedimentary variations of geomorphic subenvironments at Al-Lith area, central-west coast of Saudi Arabia, Red Sea