The rapidly growing software content within the vehicles continue to make automotive systems more intelligent through the addition of software enabled electronics. A plethora of change in the automotive industry is largely driven by the embedded software technology. The Advanced Driver Assistance Systems are one of such innovations of technology which are gaining widespread momentum in today's ever growing vehicular domain. Such systems possess immense automation and meet safety critical standards by providing greater comfort and incredible convenience. In this modern era, automotive industries are investing hefty amount of money, power, innovation and skills to have an edge over others in the market. A massive drift towards only software enabled automotive industry is predicted by 2030 by various renowned surveys and reports. The studies also claim towards an era of autonomous vehicles worldwide in near future. But manufacturers need exhaustive and comprehensive software quality strategies to test and validate these applications. Different techniques adopted by researchers are also explained in detail to verify these systems completely. Model-Based Testing can be considered as the most important and effective method for conforming the quality of such safety critical applications.

Current challenges in modelling advanced driver assistance systems: Future trends and advancements

The rapid development of Internet of things (IoT) technology has made the IoT applicable in many areas of life and has contributed to the IoT’s improvement. IoT devices are equipped with various sensors that enable them to perform the tasks they were designed for. The use of such devices is associated with securing communication between devices and users. The key stages of communication are the processes of authentication and the process of agreeing on session keys because they are the basis of the subsequent communication phases. The specially designed security protocols are used to secure communication. These protocols define the course of communication and cryptographic techniques employed for securing. In this article, we have reviewed the latest communication protocols designed to secure authentication processes and agree on session keys in IoT environments. We analyzed the proposed protocols’ security level, vulnerability, and computational and communication costs. We showed our observations, describing the requirements that a secure protocol should meet.

/pdf/key-agreement-and-authentication-protocols-in-the-internet-dvqpgraz.pdf

Key Agreement and Authentication Protocols in the Internet of Things: A Survey

Fly ash (FA) and Alccofine are the eco-friendly materials that can be used in the production of concrete composites. Initially, concrete mixes of M30 grade with replacement of cement by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of Fly ash were prepared. They were subjected to compression test so as to select the optimum replacement percentage of FA. Keeping this optimum percentage of FA as constant, additional replacement of cement with Alccofine was done varying its replacement in the range of 8%, 10%, 12% and 14%. The mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths of these mixes were computed for 7, 14 and 28 days. The results of Eco-Friendly Concrete (EFC) are compared with those of control concrete. It was observed that EFC mixes exhibited superior qualities like quick setting and enhanced workability, their mechanical properties were found to be higher than that of the conventional concrete. This goes to prove that the combination of FA and Alccofine together as replacement for cement would enhance the properties of EFC.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/263/3/032010/pdf

An experimental investigation on mechanical behaviour of eco - friendly concrete

The Self-Driving Cars are also known as Autonomous Vehicles. This Car has the ability to sense around the environment. These sensed parameters are processed and according to it the different actuators in the car will work without any human involvement. An Autonomous car work like a normal car but without any human driver. Autonomous cars rely on sensors, actuators, machine learning algorithms and Software to perform all the Automated Functions. The Software part is very important for Autonomous vehicles. The Software architecture acts as a bridge between Hardware Components and Application. The Standardized Software for Automotive cars is AUTOSAR. The AUTOSAR is a Standardized Architecture between Application Software and Hardware. This Standardized Architecture provide all Communication Interfaces, Device Drivers, Basic Software and Run-Time Environment. There are two important modules in Self-Driving Cars. They are Lane Detection and Traffic Signal detection which works automatically without any Human Intervention. A Machine Learning Algorithm is proposed in this paper. This Algorithm is mainly used to train the shape models and helps to detect the shape for Traffic Sign detection and Lane Detection. These both tasks are programmed using python with Open cv2 library file, numpy library file and Hough Detection technique is used to detect the appropriate circles of the traffic signals.By using all these tools, all the shape models are trained using Supervised training Algorithm and the detection is performed in such a way to help Autonomous cars to detect the lane and traffic Sign.

SSLA Based Traffic Sign and Lane Detection for Autonomous cars

This study presents the influence of alccofine-1203 (alccofine) on mechanical and microstructure characteristics of High Strength Concrete (HSC). A total of 7 binder proportions were developed to evaluate the Standard Consistency (SC), Initial Setting Time (IST) and Final Setting Time (FST) of the binders, and mechanical properties of HSC. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the microstructure characteristics of binder pastes. 4–14% of alccofine is used to replace cement form control mix. The test results showed that compared to control mix binder, the increase in alccofine replacement levels increased the SC slightly, but decreased the IST and FST. As alccofine replacement levels increased from 4 to 10%, the compressive and tensile strengths of concrete increased but 12 and 14% replacement levels reduced the strength of the concrete. Compared to the control mix, all the alccofine based mixes exhibited higher compressive and tensile strengths. SEM and EDS analysis demonstrated that compared to all other mix binders, mix with 10% alccofine had higher amount of C-S-H gel formation, stronger dense matrix with fewer pores and microcracks as well as low Ca/Si ratio. XRD analysis showed that mix with 10% alccofine revealed higher quantification of Alites and Larnites leading to higher early as well as later strengths to the M-10%AF mix compared to other mixes.

Mechanical and Microstructure Characterization of Alccofine Based High Strength Concrete

This paper is gives a clear idea about MATLAB based toolboxes for scheduling various real-time problems and to examine the performance of the system prior to its implementation. Two different MATLAB based toolboxes-TORSCHE (Time Optimization of Resources, SCHEduling) and True Time used offers a collection of data structures that allows the user to analyze various issues in resource sharing and scheduling. Further in real-time environment, these simulators are used to obtain an optimum performance by providing a platform to extend the design methodologies and to meet the requirements as demanded by the application with limited resources. Algorithms are implemented either as MATLAB function with fixed structure or as MATLAB function with middle level language constructs. Two modules are designed and simulated for each toolbox. Using True Time Toolbox, fixed priority scheduling algorithm module and CAN networking of four different kernels are simulated and results are analyzed. Using TORSCHE toolbox timing parameter for each task is analyzed for two different scenarios. Finally, a simulation model is built by using True Time toolbox and TORSCHE in MATLAB platform. The toolboxes are intended mainly for research purpose to handle and control scheduling issues in real-time systems. The result indicates that the simulators aids in improving scheduler accuracy and strengthen the real-time character of the system. Using this approach it is possible to evaluate and modify controller designs and hardware platforms to better understand the performance and timing effects.

Real-Time Task Scheduling for Distributed Embedded System using MATLAB Toolboxes

Model Based Design Approach In Automotive Software and Systems

Modelling the systems help in reducing the quantity of time spent in physical testing and performance evaluation. The manuscript introduces an automotive software development using model based design. Automotive systems have to be robust and flexible. One way to achieve is the usage of reconfiguration capabilities and adding such capabilities also introduces higher level of complexity. Recently the automotive industry moved to Model Based development of automotive software. Software components are no longer handwritten in C code or Assembler code but model with MATLAB/Simulink. The MATLAB is used to modeled the component and generate C code. AUTOSAR support the complex system at the architectural level. Second objective is the development of AUTOSAR OS based kernel that is directly ported in to Raspberry Pi.

AUTOSAR Architecture Based Kernel Development for Automotive Application

Protocol Design for Earthquake Alert and Evacuation in Smart Buildings

Many conventional methods of software testing have been available and software varies with applications. Software with no timing constraints and criticalities are not affected by the type of testing performed. But for software used in applications like aerospace, defense equipment etc., have timing constraints and should be error-free, else the consequences will be severe. One such application is automotive software. In Automotive systems, software in embedded systems is used for safety, security mainly in advanced features. This embedded software mainly handles hardware, which is susceptible to wear and tear. So coding this software and testing has to be done keeping these things in the first place. Also, a high-end car has so many hardware for sophistication, safety and security, this hardware has to be protected, as replacing this hardware are expensive and tedious, so testing has to be done in such a way to avoid damage of the hardware components. In this paper, model-based testing of automotive software by generating automatic test cases will be discussed. Their advantages and disadvantages are also discussed by analyzing a Real-Time example. This example shows how to generate test cases that achieve complete model coverage for a switch debouncer.

Model-Based Testing of Car Engine Start/Stop Button Debouncer Model

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