Journal of Scientific Instruments Editor: Dr H R Lang Vol 28 and Supplement No 1, 1951 Pp xvi + 388 + iii + 80 (London: Institute of Physics, 1951) Bound, £3 12s; unbound, £3

/pdf/a-review-of-scientific-instruments-50cfd4j98s.pdf

A Review of Scientific Instruments

X-ray fluoroscopy is a commonly applied diagnostic tool for morphological and functional evaluation of the intestine in clinical routine. Acquisition of repetitive X-ray images following oral or rectal application of iodine contrast agent visualizes the time dependent distribution of the contrast medium, and helps to detect for example leakages, tumors or functional disorders. However, movements of the intestine and air trapped inside usually prevent temporal subtraction imaging to be applied to fluoroscopy of the gastrointestinal tract. K-edge subtraction (KES) imaging would enable subtraction fluoroscopy because it allows for imaging of moving organs with little artefacts. Although KES imaging is a well established technique at synchrotron sources, this imaging method is not applied in clinical routine as it relies on brilliant synchrotron radiation. Recently emerging compact synchrotron X-ray sources could provide a quasi-monochromatic, high-flux X-ray beam and allow for the application of KES in a laboratory environment. Here, we present a filter-based dynamic KES approach at the Munich Compact Light Source (MuCLS), the first user-dedicated installation of a compact synchrotron X-ray source worldwide. Compared to conventional temporal subtraction X-ray radiography, our approach increases the contrast while reducing the generated image artefacts.

/pdf/dynamic-k-edge-subtraction-fluoroscopy-at-a-compact-inverse-4qytasd9qg.pdf

Dynamic K-edge Subtraction Fluoroscopy at a Compact Inverse-Compton Synchrotron X-ray Source.

Overview on Inverse Compton X-ray Sources

In clinical diagnosis, X-ray computed tomography (CT) is one of the most important imaging techniques. Yet, this method lacks the ability to differentiate similarly absorbing substances like commonly used iodine contrast agent and calcium which is typically seen in calcifications, kidney stones and bones. K-edge subtraction (KES) imaging can help distinguish these materials by subtracting two CT scans recorded at different X-ray energies. So far, this method mostly relies on monochromatic X-rays produced at large synchrotron facilities. Here, we present the first proof-of-principle experiment of a filter-based KES CT method performed at a compact synchrotron X-ray source based on inverse-Compton scattering, the Munich Compact Light Source (MuCLS). It is shown that iodine contrast agent and calcium can be clearly separated to provide CT volumes only showing one of the two materials. These results demonstrate that KES CT at a compact synchrotron source can become an important tool in pre-clinical research.

/pdf/k-edge-subtraction-computed-tomography-with-a-compact-1x2pj2dcvb.pdf

K-edge Subtraction Computed Tomography with a Compact Synchrotron X-ray Source

X-ray dark-field phase-contrast imaging: Origins of the concept to practical implementation and applications.

Laboratory x-ray sources based on electron impact on a metal target have seen comparatively little improvement since the early days of x-rays. The achievable power and brightness of these sources is limited by target failure. This is caused by the limited thermal conductivity of the metal target material leading to exceeding the melting point of the target locally. In recent years, new approaches to extend the limits of electron impact sources have been pursued and are being commercialized by companies. Most notably these are sources based on a liquid metal jet commercialized by Excillum [1,2] and structured anode sources commercialized by Sigray [3,4]. In addition to higher power density loading due to embedding microscopic metal structures in a high conductivity material such as diamond, the sources made by Sigray can have different metals on the same target to switch between target materials and use different characteristic lines to generate element specific contrast. While these improvements in electron impact sources promise an order of magnitude higher brightness and multi-energy capability, there is still a widening performance gap between these sources and what is available at synchrotron sources. Not only do synchrotrons provide many orders of magnitude higher brightness, but they also allow the x-ray energy to be tuned continuously over a wide range making spectroscopic measurements possible that allow for example oxidation state measurements and can give other chemistry or coordination information. We have been pursuing an alternative approach to bring synchrotron capability to local laboratories based on a miniature synchrotron generating hard x-rays by inverse Compton scattering (ICS) called the Lyncean Compact Light Source (CLS) shown in Figure 1. The miniaturization is accomplished by lowering the energy of the stored electron beam by approximately a factor of 100 compared to regular synchrotrons (From multi GeV to tens of MeV) which allows the shrinking of the circumference of the electron storage ring by the same factor (from hundreds of meters to multiple meters). For the generation of x-rays, the electron beam interacts with a picosecond laser pulse of 1 micrometer wavelength in a frontal collision geometry. The field of the laser pulse acts on the electron beam in the same manner as a magnetic undulator would only at much smaller period. The ICS source is a true miniature synchrotron x-ray source with undulator output x-ray characteristics (inherently monochromatic, tunable, high flux) as shown in Figure 2. The output beam of the Lyncean CLS is axially symmetric with 4 mrad beam divergence, a ~4% bandwidth and tunable from 8 to 35 keV by changing the energy of the stored electron beam. It delivers x-rays to experimental end stations located outside of a shielded enclosure that is approximately 8m by 10m in footprint size and ~80cm concrete wall thickness. The first commercial installation of a Lyncean CLS is at the Technical University Munich (TUM) in Germany [5] which after an upgrade in 2017 delivers now 3*1010 photons/s at 35keV x-ray energy. Specifications of this existing system, the next system under development and future opportunities with additional development are shown in Table 1. The next commercial system will have a flux and brightness ten times higher than the system in Munich. Most of the performance improvement is due to the use of a new design of the electron storage ring using

/pdf/bridging-the-synchrotron-lab-source-gap-for-microscopy-the-3x7cpsp6vk.pdf

Bridging the Synchrotron - Lab Source Gap for Microscopy: The Inverse Compton Scattering X-ray Source

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Bridging the Synchrotron - Lab Source Gap for Microscopy: The Inverse Compton Scattering X-ray Source