It is always desirable to understand the quality of a software system based on static code metrics. In this paper, we analyze the relationships between Lines of Code (LOC) and defects (including both pre-release and post-release defects). We confirm the ranking ability of LOC discovered by Fenton and Ohlsson. Furthermore, we find that the ranking ability of LOC can be formally described using Weibull functions. We can use defect density values calculated from a small percentage of largest modules to predict the number of total defects accurately. We also find that, given LOC we can predict the number of defective components reasonably well using typical classification techniques. We perform an extensive experiment using the public Eclipse dataset, and replicate the study using the NASA dataset. Our results confirm that simple static code attributes such as LOC can be useful predictors of software quality.

An investigation of the relationships between lines of code and defects

Optimization of bridge maintenance strategies based on structural health monitoring information

Maintenance management of railway infrastructures based on reliability analysis

In this paper, the performance of structures is modeled using lifetime functions. Specifically, the unavailability and redundancy are used as performance indicators, based on which optimum maintenance strategies are sought. Models that reflect the separate or combined effects of essential and preventive maintenance on the unavailability are presented. A novel optimization approach is proposed in which the problem is formulated to provide optimum maintenance strategies with either or both essential and preventive maintenance actions. Genetic algorithms are used to solve this problem. In this paper, multiple essential maintenance types and multiple preventive maintenance types are considered, and regular or irregular preventive maintenance time-intervals are considered. Furthermore, essential maintenance is treated as performance-based, i.e., essential maintenance is only applied when a performance threshold is reached, and an algorithm is proposed for conducting the optimization under uncertainty. Although applicable to any type of structure, the proposed approach is illustrated on a highway bridge example.

Novel Approach for Multicriteria Optimization of Life-Cycle Preventive and Essential Maintenance of Deteriorating Structures

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Axiomatic Quality: Integrating Axiomatic Design with Six-Sigma, Reliability, and Quality Engineering

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Probability and Random Variables. 3. Catastrophic Failure Models and Reliability Functions. 4. Probability Distribution Functions and Their Application in Reliability Evaluation. 5. Combinatorial Aspects of System Reliability. 6. Markov Models. 7. Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems Using Markov Models. 8. Approximate Methods. 9. Reliability and Economics. 10. Accelerated Testing and Models. Appendix A: Matrix Fundamentals. Appendix B: Boolean Algebra. Appendix C: The Laplace Transform. Appendix D: Differential Equations. Appendix E: Some Useful Derivatives and Integrals. Appendix F: The Beta Function. Appendix G: The Gamma Function. Appendix H: Tables of Values of Factorial n. Appendix I: Binomial Coefficients. Appendix J: Tables of Values of Exponential Functions. Appendix K: Standard Normal Curve Areas. Appendix L: Standard Normal Curve Ordinates. References. Answers to Problems. Index.

Engineering Reliability: Fundamentals and Applications

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Engineering Reliability: Fundamentals and Applications