In this study, the fungicidal activities of the fungicides azoxystrobin, difenoconazole + propiconazole, carbendazim, flutriafol, fluopyram + tebuconazole, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl against rice blast and dirty panicle pathogens were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Mancozeb exhibited the highest level of fungicidal activity against the blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae, with an EC50 value of 0.25 parts per million (ppm). The combination of two fungicides, fluopyram + tebuconazole, showed the strongest fungicidal effect against Bipolaris oryzae and Curvularia lunata, with EC50 values of 0.587 ppm and 0.435 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, carbendazim and flutriafol demonstrated the best level of fungicidal activity against Fusarium incarnatum, with the lowest EC50 values of 0.211 ppm and 0.214 ppm, respectively. The results showed that the fungicides, triazole and strobilurin, had significant effects against rice blast and dirty panicle diseases. The combination of fluopyram + tebuconazole, when applied twice, was the most effective in reducing dirty panicle disease by up to 60% and increasing rice yield by 29% more than the untreated control. Fluopyram + tebuconazole, difenoconazole + propiconazole, flutriafol and azoxystrobin achieved stronger fungicidal activity against rice blast disease, reducing its severity by 32-33% when applied twice by foliar spraying. However, carbendazim, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl had low to moderate fungicidal activity against both rice diseases in this study.

/pdf/efficacy-of-fungicides-in-controlling-rice-blast-and-dirty-3in96x7z57.pdf

Efficacy of fungicides in controlling rice blast and dirty panicle diseases in Thailand.

The investigations were conducted on different aspects of blast disease of rice caused by Pyricularia grisea. It was found that maximum radial growth of mycelium of Pyricularia grisea was supported by potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium whereas, higher sporulation i.e 3.2x10 and 6.1x10 conidia/ml was produced on oat meal agar (OMA) medium and media M1 (Arachne grass + Sucrose + Oatmeal powder) respectively. Blast was artificially created at nursery stage under field conditions by spraying conidial suspension of P. grisea and covering of inoculated seedlings with perforated plastic bottles to maintain high relative humidity. At tillering stage disease was created artificially by inoculating plants with inoculum concentrations i.e 1x10 5 and 2x10 7 coinidia/ml. Inoculum concentration of 2x10 7 coinidia/ml resulted 83.0 per cent average leaf blast severity, whereas 1x10 5 conidia/ml resulted in 76.0 per cent average leaf blast severity as compared to control where average leaf blast severity recorded was 14.0 per cent. P. grisea produced characteristic rice blast symptoms on different weeds viz. Arachne racemosa, Digitaria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenuim aegyptiacum, Echinochloa crusgalli, Echinochloa colonum, Cyperus difformis and Cypreus iria. Studies on survival revealed that both infected seed and infected straw serve as source of survival but infected crop residue was found to serve as more efficient source for overwintering the inoculum as compared to seed. In vitro and In vivo evaluation of different fungicides revealed that Baan 75WP, Tilt 25EC, Amistar Top 325SC, Nativo 75WP were more effective aganist rice blast. Potassium silicate applied @ 40 and 50 ml/lt was found effective against rice blast and significantly increased the grain yield by reducing the toppling of panicles. Weather factors like temperature, relative humidity (RH), rainfall etc. were found to play an important role in occurrence and development of rice blast. Moderate temperature (24.133.1°C), high RH (>85 per cent) along with frequent rains recorded during the month of Jul and Aug resulted in high incidence of rice blast on late sown nursery. At tillering stage sudden outbreak of blast disease was observed due to high RH in the range of 67.8 – 85.0 per cent accompanied with weekly rainfall of 67.15 mm. At panicle stage a high humidity (89 per cent) with moderate temp (22.0 32.3°C) resulted in high incidence of neck blast. Prevalence of optimum weather conditions at vulnerable stages of crop favoured infection, development and progress of disease. The harvest time residues of propiconazole and tricyclazole in rice grains and straw estimated by following standard procedures using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that both the fungicides were well below the permissible limits stated by Food safety and standards authority of India (FSSAI).The studies carried out on various aspects of blast disease will help to formulate its effective management strategies.

Perpetuation and management of Pyricularia grisea cav. causing blast disease of basmati rice

To test the hypothesis that silicon (Si) confers resistance against appressorial penetration of the rice blast fungus, the proportion of appressorial penetration into the leaf epidermis to total appressoria formed was compared among rice plants amended with various rates of silica gel to those plants nonamended. The amounts of Si in the youngest leaves were consistent with the amounts of silica gel applied to the rice plants. Relative Si levels on the adaxial surface of leaves as detected by energy dispersive X-ray analysis also increased with the amounts of silica gel applied. Based on light microscopic observation of the adaxial surface of rice leaves, the proportion of appressorial penetration was reduced by increasing amounts of silica gel applied and increased with the length of period after spray inoculation. Consequently, these results strongly support the hypothesis and suggest that Si in the leaf epidermis may confer resistance against appressorial penetration. Meanwhile, the number of lesions per leaf also decreased with the amount of Si applied, while only a certain part of penetrated appressoria could become sporulating susceptible lesions. This suggests that Si also confers physiological resistance against blast infection after the penetration.

The role of silicon in preventing appressorial penetration by the rice blast fungus

Protection of natural water and cultivated crops from contamination in mining-affected areas is a problem in many regions. Wastewater and waste residuals from the Shimen realgar mine in Hunan Province, China, pose a high risk of arsenic (As) poisoning. The potassium silicate (PS)-assisted mechanisms of As mobility and accumulation reduction in a paddy soil–plant system were investigated. In a vegetation experiment, rice was grown in moderately and highly As-polluted soil (30.6 and 66.9 mg kg−1 of As, correspondingly) with and without PS. Total As and silicon (Si) in roots, shoots, and grains and the forms of As in the grains were analyzed. Sequential extraction of the As in the soil showed that the PS significantly reduced the mobility of As in the soil and its accumulation by rice. Several PS-mediated mechanisms were discussed: (1) dissolution of PS monosilicic acid enhances the sorption capacity of Si-based minerals for As; (2) increased pH in the soil solution provides higher As sorption by soil; (3) Si-induced competitive inhibition of As(III) transport initiated by Lsi1 and Lsi2. The results indicate the potential of using soluble Si to reduce As mobility and biotoxicity at sites with high levels of As in wastewater, tailings, and waste residuals.

Effect of Si on As Speciation and Distribution in Rice near the Shimen Realgar Mine

The rice blast disease caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae has become one of the greatest concerns of rice farmers in Vietnam.This review discusses the current status of rice blast as well as its social and economic impacts.This review also further examines the current management strategies used to combat blast disease, and evaluate their efficacy.Among several commonly used strategies, this review will also discuss emerging and largely underexplored strategies including biocontrol methods.Finally, this review will provide a comprehensive summary on the current state of the disease and propose plans of action to mitigate these challenges in the context of Vietnam's agriculture. 

Current Status of Rice Blast in Vietnam and Future Perspectives

During 2015 and 2016 cropping season investigations were carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, with the aim to manage rice blast disease by means of different fungicides and potassium silicate under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Fungicides were tested against spore germination of Pyricularia grisea and their efficacy was determined by calculating ED50 and ED90 values. Tricyclazole (Baan 75WP) and Propiconazole (Tilt 25EC) were found to be most fungitoxic compounds and Mancozeb (Indofil Z-78 75WP) was least fungitoxic. Under in vivo conditions, fungicides and potassium silicate were applied at tillering and boot stage. It was found that the fungicide Tricyclazole (Baan 75WP) at 0.06% was most effective and provided disease control of 67.9% followed by Propiconazole (Tilt 25EC) at 0.1% with 60.3% disease control, Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole (Amistar Top 325SC) at 0.1% with 55.1% disease control and Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole (Nativo 75WP) at 0.04% with 53.3% disease control. Difenoconazole (Score 25EC), Tebuconazole (Folicur 25EC) and Mancozeb (Indofil Z-78 2 75WP) were least effective. The potassium silicate applied at 40 and 50 ml/l was found effective against rice blast and significantly increased the grain yield by reducing the toppling of panicles. Thus, it can provide us with an environmentally safe alternative source to rice blast disease management.

Management of rice blast with different fungicides and potassium silicate under in vitro and in vivo conditions

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Management of rice blast with different fungicides and potassium silicate under in vitro and in vivo conditions