Wildlife is known to be attracted to cities as a result of the ecosystem services associated with synanthorpization This however often results in conflicts between human activities and wildlife Accidental encounters between snakes and people in urban areas is a problem Windhoek shares with many cities around the world Globally, this conflict leads to numerous human envenomations, a serious and neglected health concern according to the World Health Organisation It is estimated that between 4000 and 30,000 people die from snakebite envenomation annually in sub-Saharan Africa alone Surrounded by farm and natural land, the capital city of Namibia experiences regular snake occurrence in and around houses, gardens and industrial sites We investigated reported occurrences of snakes in the city over three years in order to assess possible temporal and spatial trends, and identified possible reasons for such trends Between August 2015 and July 2018, 509 snakes of 17 species were removed from homes, gardens and industrial sites in the city Puff adder (Bitis arietans) (32%, n = 163) and western barred spitting cobra (Naja nigricincta nigricincta) (27%, n = 135) dominated removal incidents Of the other species, only brown house snake (Boaedon capensis) (11%, n = 57) and boomslang (Dispholidus typus viridis) (10%, n = 52) accounted for 10% and more of removals The number of monthly reports of B arietans occurrence showed a strong positive relationship with monthly total rainfall while N n nigricincta presented a moderately positive relationship with rainfall The highest number of incidents were reported in January (18%, n = 92) when combining monthly data over the three years Reports of snake occurrence incidents were highest in the affluent eastern and southern suburbs, possibly as a result of garden irrigation and larger open spaces between buildings, although the study could not measure whether reporting diligence was consistent across all suburbs Although 76% (n = 388) of snake incidents involved venomous species, no snakebite incidents were reported during the period

A spatial and temporal assessment of human-snake encounters in urban and peri-urban areas of Windhoek, Namibia

A 10-day wildlife inventory was conducted in Barangay [village] San Salvador and Malabanan, Lipa City, Batangas. Using direct and indirect means of observations a diverse assemblage of wildlife vertebrates comprised of 73 species of birds, 14 species of mammals, seven species of reptiles and seven species of amphibians, was recorded. All in all, a total of two species and 59 subspecies are endemic to the country, five species are indigenous, six are migratory, while only one species is an introduced species. One species of bird Ceyx melanurus (Philippine Kingfish) is vulnerable, while two species, Turnix ocellata (Spotted Button quail) and Ptilinopus merrili (Merril's Fruit Dove) are near threathened. Three endemic species of mammals were recorded: Ptenochirus jagorii (Musky fruit bat), Haplonycteris fisheri (Philippine pygmy fruit bat) and Phloemys sp. (Luzon giant cloud rat). The Philippine pygmy fruit bat is classified as vulnerable. From the assemblage of herpetofauna, only three species of amphibians are endemic: Rana magna (Philippine Woodland Frog), Kaloula picta (Slender-digit Narrow-mouthed Frog), and Rana signata (Variable-backed Frog). Three more species were also reported to be formerly present in the study areas but have been hunted to extinction. These are the Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus philippinensis), the deer (Cervus sp.) and the wild boar (Sus sp.)

Wildlife inventory of Lipa City, Province of Batangas [Philippines]

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Wildlife inventory of Lipa City, Province of Batangas [Philippines]