Advances in Plant Biopesticides

Recently, plant protection strategy has recommended, minimizing the use of chemical pesticides. Therefore, studying the side effect of insecticides on the natural enemies is highly required to exclude the detrimental effects on the natural enemies. Every crop is infested by various pests; some but not all of them may be controlled by biological means using pathogens, predators, parasitoids and spiders. But to achieve a satisfactory control of complexes of pests, selective pesticides are also indispensable. In fact, they are a prerequisite of Integrated Pest Management.

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Side Effects of Insecticides on Natural Enemies and Possibility of Their Integration in Plant Protection Strategies

Susceptibility of the lepidopteran parasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) to seven modern insecticides, azadirachtin, diflubenzuron, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, pyriproxyfen, tebufenozide, and spinosad, was tested in the laboratory. Pupae were exposed to different doses of each compound by direct topical application. At the field recommended doses, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide had no effect on H. didymator. Halofenozide had a low effect on both adult emergence and adult survival but the progeny size and parasitism capacity were not affected. Diflubenzuron was moderately toxic to the parasitoid, while azadirachtin, pyriproxyfen and spinosad were very toxic, affecting all its life parameters. In the pyriproxyfen and spinosad treatments, no progeny was obtained. As a second approach of this study, we determined the rate of penetration through the pupal cocoon and absorption in the parasitoid body as pharmacokinetic parameters important for toxicity. Most of the radioactivity was retained in the silken cocoon, indicating a low accumulation in the parasitoid body. Among all compounds tested, diflubenzuron exhibited the highest absorption in the parasitoid body, followed by pyriproxyfen. For halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, low absorption (<2%) was found. In addition, we tested for the presence of molting hormone receptors in Hyposoter tissues using a monoclonal antibody 9B9. Our data suggest that the use of diflubenzuron azadirachtin, pyriproxyfen, halofenozide, and spinosad in combination with H. didymator in integrated pest management (IPM) programs should be carefully evaluated. Methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide could be considered safe for this parasitoid.

Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of Insect Growth Regulators and Other Novel Insecticides on Pupae of Hyposoter didymator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a Parasitoid of Early Larval Instars of Lepidopteran Pests

Evaluation of plant-derived products against pests and diseases of medicinal plants: A review

The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticide effect of watery leaf extracts of Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae), alcoholic leaf extracts of Copaifera langsdorffii (Caesalpinaceae) and Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae) in the concentration of 5% under field conditions. The experiment design was randomized blocks with six replications. The parcels treated with plant extracts showed reduction in the population of pests when compared with the control parcels. The extract elaborated with C. langsdorffii presented greater insecticidal effect under Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and sum of pests. It was verified that after 24 hours of spraying, the parcels treated with the extract of C. ambrosioides presented minor numbers of adults of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), followed by the parcels treated with extract of R. graveolens. There were smaller numbers of parasitoid eggs of lepidopterans Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and sum of natural enemies (predators + parasitoids) in the parcels that had received spraying with extracts from the plants of C. langsdorffii and C. ambrosioides, followed by R. graveolens, compared to the control. There were a smaller number of parasitoids from the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) attacking caterpillars of T. absoluta in plants treated with R. graveolens, followed by C. langsdorffii and C. ambrosioides than in the control.

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Insecticide effects of Ruta graveolens, Copaifera langsdorffii and Chenopodium ambrosioides against pests and natural enemies in commercial tomato plantation

An aqueous suspension and an ethanolic extract of neem seed kernel (NSK) at 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.5, and 5.0% concentrations were tested for ovipositional deterrency, feeding deterrency, toxicity, sterility, and insect growth regulatory effects on a larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor. Neither NSK extracts delivered in the food or by contact influenced the B. hebetor oviposition (parasitization). They also did not cause parasitoid sterility through feeding, but they showed feeding deterrent effects for a limited period. Parasitoid eggs and pupae also were unaffected by the extracts tested. The parasitoid larvae, however, were killed by feeding contaminated host larvae and also through contact with neem extracts. Thus, a minimum safety period is suggested for inundative releases of B. hebetor in integrated pest management.

Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) Seed Kernel Extracts on Larval Parasitoid, Bracon hebetor

Neem seed oil was tested at concentrations of 5.0, 2.5, 1.2, 0.6, and 0.3% for oviposition deterrence, feeding deterrence, toxicity, sterility and insect growth regulator effects against Trichogramma chilonis Ishii. Neem seed oil at 0.3% deterred oviposition (parasitization) by the parasitoid, but the sensitivity varied considerably both under choice and no-choice conditions. Neem seed oil also deterred feeding at or above 1.2% concentration both in choice and no-choice tests. In feeding toxicity tests, neem seed oil at 5% concentration caused <50% mortality to both males and females but in contact toxicity tests, females were affected sparing males. No sterility effect was observed when the parasitoid was fed with neem seed oil-treated honey. Both pre- and posttreatment of host eggs revealed no adverse effects on the development of the parasitoid. In view of the sensitivity of the parasitoid adults to oviposition deterrent and (mild) toxic effects of neem seed oil, it is suggested that for inundative release of the parasitoid T. chilonis pretreatment of the crop with neem extracts should be avoided.

Biological Effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Oil on an Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis

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Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) Seed Kernel Extracts on Larval Parasitoid, Bracon hebetor

Biological Effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Oil on an Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis