Despite the extensive research and development investments into superconducting science and technology, both at the fundamental and at the applied levels, many benefits of superconducting transmission lines (SCTL) remain unknown to the public and decision makers at large. This paper aims at informing about the progress in this important research field. Superconducting transmission lines have a tremendous size advantage and lower total electrical losses for high capacity transmission plus a number of technological advantages compared to solutions based on standard conductors. This leads to a minimized environmental impact and enables an overall more sustainable transmission of electric energy. One of the direct benefits may be an increased public acceptance due to the low visual impact with a subsequent reduction of approval time. The access of remote renewable energy (RE) sources with high-capacity transmission is rendered possible with superior efficiency. That not only translates into further reducing CO2 emissions in a global energy mix that is still primarily based on fossils, but can also facilitate the development of RE sources given for instance the strong local opposition against the construction of new transmission lines. The socio-economic aspects of superconducting transmission lines based on the novel magnesium diboride (MgB2) superconductor and on high-temperature superconductors (HTS) are compared to state-of-the-art HVDC overhead lines and underground cables based on resistive conductors.

/pdf/superconducting-transmission-lines-sustainable-electric-2nf96excgs.pdf

Superconducting transmission lines – Sustainable electric energy transfer with higher public acceptance?

The HTS cable demonstration project, called the Yokohama Project, supported by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, was initiated in Japan in 2007. The aim of this project is to operate a 66 kV, 200 MVA high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable in a network of the Tokyo Electric Power Company to demonstrate cable reliability and stable operation. Total project period was changed from 5 years to 6 years. Chosen as the demonstration site was the Asahi substation in Yokohama. Based on the analysis of the network conditions of the demonstration site, specifications of the HTS cable system were determined. Element technologies were developed and various preliminary tests using short core samples were conducted to confirm the HTS cable design. A 30-meter HTS cable system was manufactured and tested prior to initial demonstration tests. Long-term demonstration tests of the HTS cable system in an actual grid at the Asahi substation are scheduled to be started in 2011.

Status of Superconducting Cable Demonstration Project in Japan

The advantages of using HTS cables for dc transmission and distribution are quantitatively investigated. 2G-HTS cables with LN2 cooling are considered. MgB2 cables with LH2 cooling or with two stages LH2/ LN2 cooling are considered as well. A design procedure is first set up to arrive at the sizing of the cryopipes in order as to have a realistic estimation of the cooling power required. Losses and right of way of HTS cables are calculated and compared with those of conventional solutions by following a system approach, which takes into account the possible different power architectures of the two cases. Cost comparison is also carried out. Bulk energy transmission by means of HTS HVDC link is dealt with. Feasibility of medium voltage HTS dc connection of a large offshore wind park is assessed. Finally, low voltage HTS dc distribution for data centers, aluminum smelters and ships is investigated.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-2048/28/12/123001/pdf

HTS dc transmission and distribution: concepts, applications and benefits

Along with advancements in superconducting technology, especially in high-temperature superconductors (HTSs), the use of these materials in power system applications is gaining outstanding attention. Due to the lower weight, capability of carrying higher currents, and the lower loss characteristic of HTS cables, compared to conventional counterparts, they are among the most focused large-scale applications of superconductors in power systems and transportation units. In near future, these cables will be installed as key elements not only in power systems but also in cryo-electrified transportation units, that take advantage of both cryogenics and superconducting technology simultaneously, e.g., hydrogen-powered aircraft. Given the sensitivity of the reliable and continuous performance of HTS cables, any failures, caused by faults, could be catastrophic, if they are not designed appropriately. Thus, fault analysis of superconducting cables is crucial for ensuring their safety, reliability, and stability, and also for characterising the behaviour of HTS cables under fault currents at the design stage. Many investigations have been conducted on the fault characterisation and analysis of HTS cables in the last few years. This paper aims to provide a topical review on all of these conducted studies, and will discuss the current challenges of HTS cables and after that current developments of fault behaviour of HTS cables will be presented, and then we will discuss the future trends and future challenges of superconducting cables regarding their fault performance.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6668/ac7ae2/pdf

High temperature superconducting cables and their performance against short circuit faults: current development, challenges, solutions, and future trends

The high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cable demonstration project supported by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization has started in Japan. The target of this project is to operate a 66 kV, 200 MVA HTS cable in the live network of Tokyo Electric Power Company in order to demonstrate its reliability and stable operation. The design of the HTS cable with DI-BSCCO has been completed as well as those of a termination and a joint. A 30-m HTS cable system with terminations, a splice, and a cooling system was installed in the SEI facility and confirmed the cable has good performances as design. The HTS cable, splice box, and termination vessels have been manufactured with the same design of a 30-m cable system. By now, the HTS cables have been installed into the conduit at the Asahi substation of Tokyo Electric Power Company. The constructions of splice and terminations have been completed. The HTS cable system at Asahi substation was cooled down in this spring. This paper describes the design and completion test results of the HTS cable system.

Update of YOKOHAMA HTS Cable Project

A new HTS cable project supported by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) has just started in Japan. Target of this project is to operate a 66 kV, 200 MVA HTS cable in a real grid in order to demonstrate its reliability and stable operation. Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) provides the real grid and studies the impact of connecting the HTS cable to the existing conventional facilities in Yokohama. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. (SEI) designs and manufactures the HTS cable, terminations and joint. Mayekawa Mfg. Co. Ltd. provides a cooling system. Total project period is planned to be 5 years. In 2007, components of HTS cable system were studied and designed. In 2008 and early 2009, the pre-system with a 30-meter cable will be installed in the factory to demonstrate basic performance of the HTS cable and its accessories. Then the 200 MVA HTS cable will be manufactured in 2009 and installed and operated at the site in 2010 and 2011. One of the technical targets in this project is to reduce the AC loss of HTS cable. For this purpose, a new type DI-BSCCO wire with twisted superconducting filaments is planned to be applied in the cable. A 1-meter cable core manufactured with the new wires shows its AC loss as less than 1 W/m/ph at 2 kArms, which is 1/4 of AC loss with normal DI-BSCCO.

A New HTS Cable Project in Japan

Recent Progress of Liquid Nitrogen Cooling System (LINCS) for Yokohama HTS Cable Project

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A New HTS Cable Project in Japan

Update of YOKOHAMA HTS Cable Project

Recent Progress of Liquid Nitrogen Cooling System (LINCS) for Yokohama HTS Cable Project