The book describes the hydraulic design and environmental impact prediction technologies for such installations. Focus are the hydrodynamics approached by computer models. First, a multiport diffuser design program was developed. Second, two model systems for discharge analysis, CORMIX for the near-field and intermediate-field and Delft3D for the far-field were coupled, and third a regulatory procedure is proposed to license and monitor outfall installations. Umfang: 219 S. Preis: €34.90 | £32.00 | $62.00

Coupled 3D hydrodynamic models for submarine outfalls. Denvironmental hydraulic design and control of multiport diffusers

When the flow rate from a port discharging buoyant fluid into a denser environment is less than a critical value, a counter flow of dense fluid will become established through the port. Experiments were conducted at near prototype scales which confirmed that the critical rate of discharge could be expressed in terms of a densimetric Froude number based on the port diameter and the buoyancy of the discharge. The value of the critical Froude number was found to depend primarily on the port orientation and shape.

Closure of "Avoidance of Seawater Intrusion into Ports of Ocean Outfalls"

A one-dimensional numerical model describing the internal hydraulics of tunneled sea outfalls is reported. It includes some local two-dimensional techniques to take the effects of buoyancy and stratified flow into account based on an understanding of purging and intrusion phenomena. The model was verified with data collected from laboratory experiments. Effects of varying configuration, geometry, and hydrograph have been investigated in the model. It is concluded that head loss at riser ports, tunnel angle of inclination, and change in elevation of riser tops have significant effects on purging and intrusion characteristics. Any factor causing uneven velocity distribution among risers makes the system much more prone to intrusion. The operation hydrograph is an important factor affecting purging behavior.

Numerical model for sea outfall hydraulics

Imberger and Parker1 reported observations of the formation of frontal structures in a lake. Winds and their spatial variability were important in determining the horizontal variability of surface mixed layer properties. Fine-scale measurements of temperature in the mixed layer of a reservoir were reported by Imberger;2 the observations covered periods governed by various mixing mechanisms. A one-dimensional model that was used to assess the importance of each mechanism worked well, but showed the need to incorporate the energetics of billowing. A one-dimensional model was also used by Rahm3 to study stratification in a small, ice-covered lake. It was shown that the sediment heat flux gave rise to a stable stratification and an organized circulation pattern. An investigation of detailed water properties in the Dead Sea indicated that the sea had turned over, ending a long period of stratification, following a lowering of the water surface.4 Effler and Owens5 studied the effect of acidification on the thermal stratification of lakes by using a mixed-layer model. The acidification increases light transparency and can exert a large effect on stratification. Solutions to the response of a rectangular, n-layered, stratified lake to an unsteady wind stress were presented by Monismith.6 The case n = 3 was studied in detail, and the predictions compared with field measurements. The design of an instrument for measuring small bottom lake currents between 0.3 and 3 cm/s with an accuracy of ?5% for speed and ?15? for direction was given by Lemmin et al.7 Deployments in Swiss lakes were discussed.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/25042980.pdf

Mixing and transport

Experimental observations of salt purging in a model sea outfall diffuser with eight soffit connected risers

If ocean outfalls are to function effectively it is necessary that seawater be fully purged from the system. Consequently a basic design requirement of an outfall is that it has purging capability. This paper describes model studies designed to investigate the detailed nature of the purging process in outfalls with high risers. Both purging of seawater from the outfall and its subsequent intrusion into the outfall following cessation of effluent flow were investigated. The results of the study are presented in non-dimensional terms and are compared with existing theoretical models.

Model studies of outfall riser hydraulics

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Model studies of outfall riser hydraulics