: ARDEC independently evaluated a Flash Bainite process developed by Gary Cola, Jr., Sirius Protection LLC. Chemical analysis, welding (including flash processing after welding), bend, tensile, fracture toughness, x-ray diffraction, impact toughness, and Gleeble heat affected zone tests were performed on AISI 4130 steel plate. When possible, testing was baselined against conventional quench and tempered material. Manufacturability tests demonstrated that Flash Bainite plate is weldable and bendable, and that welded plate can subsequently be flash processed to restore strength. Small tensile residual stresses were measured in the welded plate and approximately two percent retained austenite was measured in the base material. Flash Bainite demonstrated an impressive combination of strength, elongation, ductility and toughness. Moreover, its impact toughness was consistently higher than quench and tempered plate at all test temperatures evaluated. Intergranular cracking was observed on the fracture surface of some the Flash Bainite impact toughness specimens. The impact toughness testing on the Gleeble heat affected zone specimens in the Flash Bainite and quench and tempered conditions exhibited equivalent results. Though this subject testing identified a few issues that need to be addressed, the Flash Bainite processing of 4130 steel demonstrates promise for applications needing a combination of high strength with good elongation, ductility, and toughness (e.g. armor and vehicle). The novel Flash Bainite process for steels has the potential to reduce product cost and weight while also enhancing mechanical performance.

/pdf/evaluation-of-flash-bainite-in-4130-steel-5ceu73el5k.pdf

Evaluation of Flash Bainite in 4130 Steel

: A mixed martensite/bainite microstructure in the high strength-low alloy steel (ASTM A723 pressure vessel steel) can be obtained by quenching from the austenitizing temperature to below M sub s, but above M sub f, and isothermally holding. As the supercooled austenite cools below M sub s, some martensite is formed and the isothermal hold results in the remainder of the untransformed austenite transforming to bainite. The resulting microstructure may be very fine depending on the prior austenite grain size. Since the martensite is formed first, the supercooled austenite between the martensite needles transforms to bainite during the isothermal hold. The resultant lamellar structure can result in remarkable fracture toughness with quite high strength (K sub Ic of 255 MP a sq m and ultimate tensile strength of 1200 MPa). In this report, the results of varying prior austenite grain size on strength and toughness and the strength-toughness relationship for the martensite/bainite mixture that may produce the highest toughness are presented.

Unusually High Fracture Toughness of ASTM A723 Steel from a Mixed Martensite/Bainite Microstructure

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Unusually High Fracture Toughness of ASTM A723 Steel from a Mixed Martensite/Bainite Microstructure