High-energy photon interactions are discussed in terms of the hadronic structure of the photon, which is expressed by means of a formulation which is akin to, but somewhat more general than, vector-meson-dominance or specific generalized vector-dominance models. Experiments which demonstrate and yield information about this hadronic structure are discussed critically, and the resulting information is carefully evaluated. Special attention is paid to diffractive processes such as the photoproduction of vector mesons and to photon shadowing effects on nuclei. Relationships to other views of photon interactions, such as the parton model and the space-time description, are also discussed; these views are seen to complement the hadronic structure picture rather than to be in conflict. The general overview is that there is ample evidence which shows that the photon's hadronic structure plays a significant role in its interactions. What further work would most significantly enhance the understanding of the hadronic structure of the photon is also pointed out.

The Hadronic Properties of the Photon in High-Energy Interactions

Extensions of nuclear physics to the strange sector are reviewed, covering data and models of Λ and other hypernuclei, multistrange matter, and antikaon bound states and condensation. Past achievements are highlighted, present unresolved problems are discussed, and future directions are outlined.

Strangeness in nuclear physics

The booster neutrino experiment (MiniBooNE) searches for {nu}{sub {mu}}{yields}{nu}{sub e} oscillations using the O(1 GeV) neutrino beam produced by the booster synchrotron at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory). The booster delivers protons with 8 GeV kinetic energy (8.89 GeV/c momentum) to a beryllium target, producing neutrinos from the decay of secondary particles in the beam line. We describe the Monte Carlo simulation methods used to estimate the flux of neutrinos from the beam line incident on the MiniBooNE detector for both polarities of the focusing horn. The simulation uses the Geant4 framework for propagating particles, accounting for electromagnetic processes and hadronic interactions in the beam line materials, as well as the decay of particles. The absolute double differential cross sections of pion and kaon production in the simulation have been tuned to match external measurements, as have the hadronic cross sections for nucleons and pions. The statistical precision of the flux predictions is enhanced through reweighting and resampling techniques. Systematic errors in the flux estimation have been determined by varying parameters within their uncertainties, accounting for correlations where appropriate.

/pdf/neutrino-flux-prediction-at-miniboone-5dr5k0not4.pdf

Neutrino flux prediction at MiniBooNE

We describe a multiple scattering model of nucleus-nucleus collisions for use in simulation of atmospheric cascades produced by high-energy cosmic-ray nuclei. We emphasize the importance of a realistic treatment of nuclear fragmentation of the incident nucleus for fluctuations in quantities such as high-energy muon bundles and longitudinal development of giant air showers. The model is realized in a cascade program that can be combined with any treatment of hadronic interactions.

Nucleus-nucleus collisions and interpretation of cosmic-ray cascades.

50 years of hypernuclear physics: I. The early experiments

422 K- and 13 ∑--capture stars emitting mesic hyperfragments (MHF) have been studied in an attempt to understand the mechanism of hyperfragment production. 123 K- stars emitting8Li fragments were also considered. Several criteria were used to separate K- captures in C, N, O and Ag, Br. Lower limits for the proportion of MHF produced in C, N, O are 57%, 73%, 84%, and 94% for HΛ, HeΛ, LiΛ and MHF of Z ≥ 4. For8Li, this lower limit is 75%. An overall frequency of (1.05±0.05)·10-2 MHF/K--capture and (3.8±1.4) · 10-2 HF/∑--capture is obtained. The energy spectrum of the pions emitted in the capture stars indicates that a substantial fraction of the emitted bound Λ’s originates in ∑-conversion processes. Indication of bound-Λ production from multinucleon K--capture processes was obtained, important in the case of HΛ. The momentum spectra for different hypernuclear species are very similar and the spectra of HeΛ and LiΛ are, in turn, comparable with the momentum spectra of He and8Li respectively. Hyperfragments are emitted preferentially opposite to the direction of emission of an associated pion or fast proton. The backwards-forward (B/F) ratio is for π, MHF events, 1.8±0.4. Two models for the production of hyperfragments are proposed. According to the first (« trapped-Λ ») the Λ created in the elementary process is trapped in the nuclear potential well of the parent nucleus. The HF is then emitted in the process of nuclear de-excitation. In the second model (« prompt-HF ») the HF is emitted promptly following the K- or ∑- interaction with a group of nucleons. It is concluded that both mechanisms may contribute. The occurrence of both processes can explain essentially all the salient features of hyperfragment emission.

Mesic decays of hypernuclei from K−-capture

The slopes $B(k)$ of the exponential forward peak for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ and ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ elastic scattering have been surveyed in the region $0.3\ensuremath{\lesssim}{P}_{\mathrm{lab}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}20.0$ GeV/c. Plots of the momentum dependence of $B(k)$ reveal striking enhancements at momenta corresponding to the location of known high-spin, high-elasticity resonances. There are indications that the background behavior of $B(k)$, when considered over such a wide momentum interval, might be smoothly rising in all cases; thus, the forward peak associated with background diffraction effects would appear to shrink not only in ${K}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}p$ interactions, where resonance formation is weak (or absent), but also in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ and ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions, where many prominent resonant states are formed. An explanation for the behavior of $B(k)$ is presented, based on the properties of the logarithmic derivative of the differential cross section in the forward direction. As a quantitative illustration, $B{(k)}_{{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ was derived in terms of a simple phenomenological model, which involves a linear superposition of diffractive-like and resonant amplitudes. In this way a fit to the $B{(k)}_{{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ total-cross-section data could be obtained throughout the entire momentum region. The information which can be derived from the experimental study of $B(k)$ is discussed; this has bearing on the determination of resonance properties and on the behavior of the spin-flip amplitude.

Momentum dependence of diffraction slopes in meson--nucleon scattering.

A large emulsion stack, exposed at high altitude, has been used to study the decaymodes of K-particles which produce a single charged secondary. The 5 decay modes, K
 μ
 , χ, ϰ and τ′ have been recognized from the nature and energy of the charged secondary. The masses of the parent particles of the two-body decay modes, K
 μ
 and χ found from the mean range of the charged secondary are (976±7) me and (969±3) me respectively. Independent values derived from measurements of the scattering of the secondary track near the decay point are (954±17) me and (972±15) me respectively. The reliability of these mass values is discussed. An examination of the relative frequency of the decay modes in these experimental conditions indicates that the K
 μ
 -and χ-modes constitute respectively about 67 % and 20 % of all the K-particle decays: the Kβ, ϰ- and τ′-modes being present to about 9 %, 3 %, and 1 % respectively.

On the masses and modes of decay of heavy mesons produced by cosmic radiation

Observation of the decay at rest of a heavy particle

MESIC DECAYS OF HYPERNUCLEI FROM K$sup -$ CAPTURE. III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARENT STARS

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