Sugar esters are non-ionic surfactants that can be synthesized in a single enzymatic reaction step using lipases. The stability and efficiency of lipases under unusual conditions and using non-conventional media can be significantly improved through immobilization and protein engineering. Also, the development of de novo enzymes has seen a significant increase lately under the scope of the new field of synthetic biology. Depending on the esterification degree and the nature of fatty acid and/or sugar, a range of sugar esters can be synthesized. Due to their surface activity and emulsifying capacity, sugar esters are promising for applications in food industry.

Sugar ester surfactants: enzymatic synthesis and applications in food industry.

Alkyl polyglucosides are non-ionic surfactants consisting of a hydrophilic saccharide moiety and a hydrophobic fatty alkyl chain. They are synthesized from renewable raw materials and have excellent ecotoxicological profiles and are readily biodegradable. The alkyl polyglucosides are mixtures of homologues, anomers and isomers. The alkyl polyglucosides with a longer alkyl chain biodegrade faster than those with a shorter one. The short to medium alkyl chain containing alkyl polyglucosides are water soluble. They exhibit favorable wetting and surface tension reduction, electrolyte and hard water tolerance, great stability in wide pH range, synergism with other surfactants and act as hydrotropes and dispersants. The dermatological, toxicological, mildness and high compatibility to skin make alkyl polyglucosides superior to all other existing surfactants. They show good functionality in various applications like detergents, food emulsifiers, cosmetic surfactants, industrial emulsifiers and pharmaceu...

Alkyl Poly Glucosides (APGs) Surfactants and Their Properties: A Review

Marine bacteria, Vibrio
 alginolyticus and Vibrio
 parahemolyticus isolated from sediments were evaluated for their ability as a consortia, to degrade polyvinyl alcohol-low linear density polyethylene (PVA-LLDPE)-blended plastic films in shake flask conditions at 120 rpm at 37 °C over 15 weeks. Results indicated that relatively 20 % decrease in tensile strength of the film could be achieved with 25 and 30 % blend of PVA in the PVA-LLDPE plastic film compared to other ratios. Micrographs obtained with scanning electron microscope showed visible cracks and grooves on the surface of the PVA-LLDPE blend film after 15 weeks of incubation with bacterial consortium. The decrease in tensile strength of the PVA-blended plastic films after treatment and the results of the scanning electron microscopic analysis evidence that the consortium could cause degradation of PVA-LLDPE plastic blends compared to suitable controls. This is the first report on polyvinyl alcohol degrading Vibrio sp. from marine sediments and its application in microbial degradation of polyvinyl alcohol-low linear density polyethylene plastic blends. The study indicated potential of marine benthic vibrios that have novel enzymes and unique characteristics for application in bioremediation and solid waste management particularly in handling synthetic polymers such as PVA-blended plastic films.

/pdf/biodegradation-of-polyvinyl-alcohol-low-linear-density-39scnur585.pdf

Biodegradation of polyvinyl alcohol-low linear density polyethylene-blended plastic film by consortium of marine benthic vibrios

H2O2 asmicro-initiator,enzyme-mediatedsynthesisyieldedreactionrate,v app of0.076x10 −5 molL −1 s −1 .Thebiodegradability of the functionalized polymer was observed to increase by 1.5 fold compared with the non-functionalized material apart from showing better compostability. Increasing the reaction temperature (>50 ◦ C), enzyme concentration (>15 g L −1 ) and reactant ratio(w/w)ofsucrose:PHA(>2)didnotincreasefurthertherateoryield.Thesucrose-functionalizedmcl-PHAwascharacterized with respect to the non-functionalized material. CONCLUSIONS: Novozym 435 can be used effectively to synthesize poly(1’-O-3-hydroxyacyl sucrose) in micro-aqueous mediumbypassingtheneedforchemo-syntheticsteps.Thesynthesizedbiomaterialshavepotentialapplicationsinbiomedical and industrial niches. c � 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Single-step lipase-catalyzed functionalization of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates

Esteres de acucar sao compostos que possuem acao surfactante, antifungica e bactericida e podem ser obtidos a partir de duas fontes renovaveis de materia-prima: acucares e oleos vegetais. Sua capacidade de se biodegradar, aliada ao fato de serem atoxicos, insipidos, inodoros, biocompativeis, nao-ionicos, digestiveis e resistirem a condicoes severas de temperatura, pH e salinidade, explicam o crescente emprego destas substâncias em diversos setores da industria. O objetivo desta tese foi sintetizar e caracterizar surfactantes e polimeros, contendo acucares ramificados em suas estruturas, atraves de transesterificacao enzimatica de esteres vinilicos com acucares, empregando-se protease alcalina de Bacillus subtilis como catalisador, em meio orgânico (DMF). Foram empregados tres tipos de acucares: L-arabinose, D-glicose e sacarose e dois tipos de esteres vinilicos: laurato de vinila e adipato de vinila. Para a obtencao de altas conversoes de substratos em produtos, visando uma futura producao em larga escala, uma serie de variaveis foram otimizadas, atraves de analise estatistica experimental (DOE), por metodologia de resposta de superficie (RSM). As variaveis investigadas foram: (1) a concentracao de enzima; (2) a razao molar entre substratos; (3) a razao agua/solvente orgânico; (4) a temperatura e (5) o tempo. Foram obtidos seis esteres de acucar: 5-0-lauroil L-arabinose, 6-0lauroil D-glicose, 1 '-O-Iauroil sacarose, 5-0-viniladipoil L-arabinose, 6-0viniladipoil D-glicose e 1 '-O-viniladipoil sacarose, sendo os tres ultimos polimerizaveis. O progresso da reacao foi monitorado por analise em HPLC, atraves do decrescimo da concentracao de acucar em relacao ao branco. Analises qualitativas, por TLC, confirmaram a formacao dos produtos. Foram obtidas conversoes superiores a 98% na sintese do laurato de sacarose. Na purificacao, foram adotadas duas metodologias: (1) coluna cromatografica e (2) extracao com acetona a quente. A posicao de acilacao e a estrutura quimica foram determinadas por 13C-RMN. A polimerizacao dos tres esteres de acucar foi possivel, atraves de catalise quimica, empregando-se H2O2 e K2S2O8 como iniciadores, a 60°C, por 24 horas. Espectros de IR dos polimeros foram comparados com os seus monomeros, revelando o desaparecimento do grupo vinil. As massas molares dos polimeros foram determinadas por GPC. Os polimeros de acucar obtidos apresentaram as seguintes massas molares: poli (5-0-viniladipoil L-arabinose): Mw = 7,2 X 104; PD = 2,48; poli (6-0-viniladipoil D-glicose): Mw = 2,7 x 103; PD = 1,75 e poli (1 '-O-viniladipoil sacarose): Mw = 4,2 X 104; PD = 6,57. Os seis esteres de acucar foram submetidos a ensaios de tensao superficial para a determinacao das concentracoes micelares criticas (CMC), que variaram de 122 a 167 ppm. Por fim, um estudo de aplicabilidade dos esteres nao polimerizaveis, como lubrificantes para fluidos de completacao de pocos de petroleo foi realizado, atraves de analise comparativa da eficiencia destes, em relacao a tres lubrificantes comerciais. Os produtos sintetizados nesta tese apresentaram desempenho equivalente ou superior aos produtos comerciais testados

Universidade federal do rio grande do norte centro de ciências exatas e da terra programa de pós-graduação em ciência e engenharia de materiais síntese enzimática de ésteres de açúcar: surfactantes e polímeros como novos materiais ambientalmente seguros

Vinyl sugar ester, 6-O-vinyladipoyl-d-glucose (VAG), was polymerized with vinyl fatty acid esters in dimethylformamide (DMF) with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) to produce new amphiphilic polymers having branches of sugar and fatty acid esters. The influence of structural variations by changing the length of the alkyl chain of fatty acid moiety was examined by measurements of the surface tension and biodegradability.

Preparation of polymeric biosurfactant containing sugar and fatty acid esters

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Preparation of polymeric biosurfactant containing sugar and fatty acid esters