The current stage of ‘neo-capitalism’ or ‘state monopoly capitalism’ is characterized by a qualitatively expanded role of the state in capitalist social formations. [1] One expression of this huge politico-economic weight of the modern state is the prolonged expansion in state expenditures, such that they now exceed one half of gross domestic product in contemporary Britain. [2] Yet despite this, there have been only isolated studies by Marxists which systematically examine the causes and consequences of this unprecedented growth. In the following sections we propose to outline the patterns and trends in state expenditure in the major capitalist economies; briefly to analyse the nature of the modern capitalist state and its socio-economic setting; in the light of this to attempt an explanation of the growth and composition of state expenditures; and finally to consider briefly some of the major economic and political consequences of this phenomenon. Beforehand, however, it is incumbent on us to consider current theories and state why we regard them as unsatisfactory or incomplete. To this end, the recent studies of O’Connor, Yaffe and Barratt Brown will be singled out for attention.

/pdf/state-expenditure-in-advanced-capitalism-6q24p68xi5.pdf

State Expenditure in Advanced Capitalism

This article, based on a study of planners in two Swedish municipalities, looks at what planners think is ethical and why. It also examines attitudes of planners towards five substantive issues: the environment, mass transit, low income and minority groups, citizen participation and private development. The design of the study closely follows a similar study of American planners. The results of the two studies are compared. Swedish planners are not inclined favourably towards using political tactics. They are most committed to environment and mass transit and mildly negative about private development. The article also examines possible determinants of ethical views and attitudes. Finally, the article includes a discussion of some implications for planning, including increased pragmatism, flexibility and professional bias.

Ethics and values of Swedish planners: A replication and comparison with an American study

Towards an Understanding of Crisis and Transition: Planning in an Era of Limits

This paper gives an account of ‘left’ and ‘progressive’ economic development politics and policy in Sheffield and Chicago in the early 1980s. The origins of these policies in activist work and grassroots organizing, and the leadership of John Benington and David Blunkett in Sheffield and of Robert Mier and Harold Washington in Chicago are characterized and briefly compared.

On being unreasonable: Progressive planning in Sheffield and Chicago

The United Kingdom in 1980: The Hudson Report

In all three countries, the adoption of participatory policies by governments can be traced back to certain aspects of post-war capitalist development - concentration, structural change and, concomitantly, an extensive increase in state intervention. More directly, the introduction of participatory policies in the U.S. during the 1960's is interpreted as a partisan strategy in response to social stress, and is linked to the particular forms of local politics. In Britain, planning participation was perhaps more a result of development bottlenecks and informational needs of government. The comparatively weak impact of citizen participation concepts on governmental policies in Sweden is explained by differences in the forms of local politics and by the relatively less severe nature of social stress and conflicts in urban development. Ten years have passed since the emergence of citizen participation as an influential set of ideas in Swedish planning and local government. Strangely, though, no serious attempt has yet been made to clarify the origins and meanings of the concept and why it came into vogue when it did. In this article we attempt to construct a contextual framework within which the emergence of participatory ideas and practices in Swedish planning and local government can be understood. The specific object of the study is governmental participatory policies, but we shall also touch on the role played in their development by participation demands and actions by citizen groups. Our hypothesis is that the emergence of governmental participatory policies in Western capitalist countries can only be understood against the background of structural changes in the economies and increased state intervention and the

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4194287.pdf

The Emergence of Participatory Policies for Community Development: Anglo- American Experiences and their Influence on Sweden

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The Emergence of Participatory Policies for Community Development: Anglo- American Experiences and their Influence on Sweden