Biological approaches for treatment of distillery wastewater: a review

Increasing discharge and improper management of liquid and solid industrial wastes have created a great concern among industrialists and the scientific community over their economic treatment and safe disposal. White rot fungi (WRF) are versatile and robust organisms having enormous potential for oxidative bioremediation of a variety of toxic chemical pollutants due to high tolerance to toxic substances in the environment. WRF are capable of mineralizing a wide variety of toxic xenobiotics due to non-specific nature of their extracellular lignin mineralizing enzymes (LMEs). In recent years, a lot of work has been done on the development and optimization of bioremediation processes using WRF, with emphasis on the study of their enzyme systems involved in biodegradation of industrial pollutants. Many new strains have been identified and their LMEs isolated, purified and characterized. In this review, we have tried to cover the latest developments on enzyme systems of WRF, their low molecular mass mediators and their potential use for bioremediation of industrial pollutants.

Recent developments in biodegradation of industrial pollutants by white rot fungi and their enzyme system

Vinasses: characterization and treatments.

ion between fibre lignin and laccase in qualitative difference in temporal phases than laccase does alone. Resulting distinguished lignin modifications may have consequences for subsequent fibre behaviour (Barsberg 2002). Lund & Felby (2001) applied a range of mediators in laccase-modification of spruce and pine fibres and found ABTS and PPT (phenothiazine-10-propionic acid) to be effective in enhancing wet tensile strength of paper handsheets made from the pulp. Similar results were obtained with ABTS by Elegir et al. (2005, 2007). Treatment of fibres with laccase and gallic acid were also reported to change wet tensile strength (Chandra et al. 2004b), indicating that laccase-mediator system can influence properties of the fibre surfaces. Various mediators are therefore currently tested in MDF production with laccase in order to achieve higher reactivity between laccase and lignin and better board properties (Müller et al. 2006). The unfortunately limited availability of cheap and non-toxic mediators is of course a restricting factor in such approaches (Rochefort et al. 2004, Morozova et al. 2007). So far, in laccase-mediated bleaching of lignocellulosic fibres 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and the lignin-derived phenols acetosyringone and syringaldehyde acid have been positively tested as mediators whereas negligible effects were seen with p-coumaric acid (Ibarra et al. 2006, Camamero et al. 2007, Gutiérrez et al. 2007). Oppositional ABTS-mediated depolymerisation and polymerisation effects on kraft lignin samples (González Arzola et al. 2006, Hernández Fernaud et al. 2006) imply that the doses and times of mediators and enzymes applied have to be expected to play an important role in activating of fibre material. In line with this, dosages of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were most influential in laccase-mediated modification of paper pulp (Chandra et al. 2004a). Further to applications of mediators to improve mechanical properties by laccase action, recent studies suggest that a successive xylanase and laccase treatment with or without mediators might also be useful in efficiently modifying fibre surfaces at least in paper production. As the gallic acid mediator treatment, successive xylanase-laccase treatment has been reported to increase the wet tensile strength of paper (Chandra & Raugaskas 2005, Kapoor et al. 2007). 2-component adhesives based on lignin and enzymes In the wood composite industry, addition of lignosulphonates (spent sulphite liquor) or kraft lignins from sulphate pulping, to conventional PF resins is targeted at replacing parts of the phenol component made from petrochemicals (e.g. see Roffael & Rauch 1971, Shen 1974, Nimz 1983, Ayla & Nimz 1984, Danielson & Simonson 1998a,b, Tejado et al. 2007; further reading in Chapter 16 of this book). Formaldehyde from the PF resin may act in such mixtures as a cross-linker between the reactive sites of the technical lignins and the synthetic phenol binder (Kuo et al. 1991, Vázquez et al. 1999, El Mansouri & Salvadó 2006, 2007). As first

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Wood production, wood technology, and biotechnological impacts

Some of the industries that discharge highly colored effluents are paper and pulp mills, textiles and dye-making industries, alcohol distilleries, and leather industries. Terrestrial white-rot basidiomycetous fungi and their lignin-degrading enzymes laccase, manganese-peroxidase and lignin peroxidases are useful in the treatment of colored industrial effluents and other xenobiotics. Free mycelia, mycelial pellets, immobilized fungi or their lignin-degrading enzymes from terrestrial fungi have been reported in treatment of several effluents. Marine obligate or facultative (marine-derived) fungi may have unique properties but have not been explored sufficiently for this purpose. This article presents a critical review of bioremediation potential of such fungi and their lignin-degrading enzymes in comparison with the state-of-the-art in terrestrial white-rot fungi.

Treatment of colored effluents with lignin-degrading enzymes: An emerging role of marine-derived fungi

To determine a thermotolerant fungus strain for decolorization of alcohol distillery wastewater (ADW), 38 fungus strains were studied. Capacity for ligninolytic enzyme production was examined at 35 and 43C on agar media containing 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and MnCl2. At 43°C, four Pycnoporus coccineus strains showed a higher potential for ADW decolorization both on agar media and in liquid media. Immobilized mycelia on polyurethane foam removed about threefold more total phenol than did free mycelia under conditions of shaking at 43°C. Moreover, immobilized mycelia removed nearly 50% more color than did free mycelia.

Decolorization of alcohol distillery wastewater by thermotolerant white-rot fungi.

To select a thermotolerant fungal strain for decolorization of wastewaters, ligninolytic enzyme production (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase [MnP], and laccase), decolorization, and removal of total phenol and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were detected. Thirty-eight fungal strains were studied for enzyme production at 35 and 43°C on modified Kirk agar medium including 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and MnCl2. Thirteen strains grew on manganese-containing agar and provided green color on ABTS-containing agar plates under culture at 43°C. Decolorization of wastewater from alcohol distillery (WAD) by these strains was compared under static culture at 43°C, and Pycnoporus coccineus FPF 97091303 showed the highest potential. Thereafter, immobilized mycelia were compared with free mycelia for WAD decolorization under culture conditions of 43°C and 100 rpm. The immobilized mycelia on polyurethane foam enhanced the ligninolytic enzyme production as well as total phenol and color removal. At about the same COD removal, MnP and laccase produced by immobilized mycelia were 2 and 19 times higher than by free mycelia; the simultaneous total phenol and color removal were 3.1 and 1.5 times higher than the latter. Moreover, decolorization of synthesis dye wastewater was carried out at 43°C and 100 rpm. More than 80% of 300 mg/L of reactive blue-5 was decolorized by the immobilized mycelia within 1 to 2 d for four cycles.

Screening thermotolerant white-rot fungi for decolorization of wastewaters.

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Decolorization of alcohol distillery wastewater by thermotolerant white-rot fungi.

Screening thermotolerant white-rot fungi for decolorization of wastewaters.