Carbon nanomaterials-based electrochemical aptasensor for point-of-care diagnostics of cancer biomarkers

Abstract Microbial pathogens have threatened the world due to their pathogenicity and ability to spread in communities. The conventional laboratory‐based diagnostics of microbes such as bacteria and viruses need bulky expensive experimental instruments and skilled personnel which limits their usage in resource‐limited settings. The biosensors‐based point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostics have shown huge potential to detect microbial pathogens in a faster, cost‐effective, and user‐friendly manner. The use of various transducers such as electrochemical and optical along with microfluidic integrated biosensors further enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of detection. Additionally, microfluidic‐based biosensors offer the advantages of multiplexed detection of analyte and the ability to deal with nanoliters volume of fluid in an integrated portable platform. In the present review, we discussed the design and fabrication of POCT devices for the detection of microbial pathogens which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The electrochemical techniques and current advances in this field in terms of integrated electrochemical platforms that include mainly microfluidic‐ based approaches and smartphone and Internet‐of‐things (IoT) and Internet‐of‐Medical‐Things (IoMT) integrated systems have been highlighted. Further, the availability of commercial biosensors for the detection of microbial pathogens will be briefed. In the end, the challenges while fabrication of POC biosensors and expected future advances in the field of biosensing have been discussed. The integrated biosensor‐based platforms with the IoT/IoMT usually collect the data to track the community spread of infectious diseases which would be beneficial in terms of better preparedness for current and futuristic pandemics and is expected to prevent social and economic losses.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/btm2.10481

Internet‐of‐medical‐things integrated point‐of‐care biosensing devices for infectious diseases: Toward better preparedness for futuristic pandemics

Cryopreservation is the most prevalent method of long‐term cell preservation. Effective cell cryopreservation depends on freezing, adequate storage, and correct thawing techniques. Recent advances in cryopreservation techniques minimize the cellular damage which occurs while processing samples. This article focuses on the fundamentals of cryopreservation techniques and how they can be implemented in a variety of clinical settings. The article presents a brief description of each of the standard cryopreservation procedures, such as slow freezing and vitrification. Alongside that, the membrane permeating and nonpermeating cryoprotectants are briefly discussed, along with current advancements in the field of cryopreservation and variables influencing the cryopreservation process. The diminution of cryoinjury incurred by the cell via the resuscitation process will also be highlighted. In the end application of cryopreservation techniques in many fields, with a special emphasis on stem cell preservation techniques and current advancements presented. Furthermore, the challenges while implementing cryopreservation and the futuristic scope of the fields are illustrated herein. The content of this review sheds light on various ways to enhance the output of the cell preservation process and minimize cryoinjury while improving cell revival.

Cryopreservation: A Comprehensive Overview, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess unique size-dependent optical, electronic, and chemical properties, making them auspicious and tunable nanoscale building blocks for microelectronics applications. This paper reviews recent advances in integrating AuNPs into miniaturized electronic components and devices to enhance performance and enable new functionalities. The tunable plasmonic behavior, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility of AuNPs facilitate their integration into electronic circuits, printed electronics, optoelectronics, plasmonic, and biosensing devices. Functionalizing AuNPs with specific ligands permits selective biochemical interactions for biosensing. Controlled synthesis and assembly techniques allow AuNPs to be tailored and positioned precisely within microelectronic architectures. AuNPs synthesized with well-defined size and shape distributions and deposited on substrates using lithography, self-assembly, and layer-by-layer techniques act as versatile nanoscale components for fabricating miniaturized transistors, memory devices, photodetectors, plasmonic devices, and sensors. Ongoing review addresses reproducibility, stability, and scalability challenges to fully exploit their potential in microelectronics. Overall, this review highlights recent progress in harnessing the exceptional functional properties of AuNPs for innovating the next generation of microelectronic devices and biomedical applications. 

Gold nanoparticles in microelectronics advancements and biomedical applications

Progressive loss of plant diversity requires the protection of wild and agri-/horticultural species. For species whose seeds are extremely short-lived, or rarely or never produce seeds, or whose genetic makeup must be preserved, cryopreservation offers the only possibility for long-term conservation. At temperatures below freezing, most vegetative plant tissues suffer severe damage from ice crystal formation and require protection. In this review, we describe how increasing the concentration of cellular solutes by air drying or adding cryoprotectants, together with rapid cooling, results in a vitrified, highly viscous state in which cells can remain viable and be stored. On this basis, a range of dormant bud-freezing, slow-cooling, and (droplet-)vitrification protocols have been developed, but few are used to cryobank important agricultural/horticultural/timber and threatened species. To improve cryopreservation efficiency, the effects of cryoprotectants and molecular processes need to be understood and the costs for cryobanking reduced. However, overall, the long-term costs of cryopreservation are low, while the benefits are huge. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 75 is May 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Plant Cryopreservation: Principles, Applications, and Challenges of Banking Plant Diversity At Ultralow Temperatures.

MXene-based aptasensor for the detection of aflatoxin in food and agricultural products.

ABSTRACT
 The lesser side effects and proven therapeutic efficacy of plant bioactive compounds (phytochemicals) have made them the drug of choice in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The non-structural protein (Nsp-15) also called endoribonuclease is highly conserved in the coronavirus family and is also responsible for modulating host immune response, its inhibition could not only help to reduce present SARS-CoV-2 but also its variants, and is expected to help in generating desired immune response, therefore we chose Nsp-15 as a molecular target for screening phytomolecules. In the present work, multistep molecular docking-based virtual screening methods have been used to screen phytochemicals against the Nsp15. The lead molecules were investigated using steered molecular dynamic simulation followed by molecular dynamics simulations. The results revealed that the protein had well adapted to the ligands as they meet the conditions for the formation of a stable compound. Furthermore, the lead compounds 6-Hydroxyluteolin and Luteolin were found to have low toxicity under physiological settings, better pharmacokinetic properties and strong inhibitory efficacy as observed by ADMET, LE, pKi, and Pi, Pa values. Our results suggest that these compounds can be therapeutically beneficial against SARS-CoV-2; however, more in-vitro and in-vivo investigations are required to substantiate this fact. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Plant-based bioactive molecules for targeting of endoribonuclease using steered molecular dynamic simulation approach: a highly conserved therapeutic target against variants of SARS-CoV-2

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a low survival rate and limited treatment options. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have recently become popular as a promising platform for cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, such as biocompatibility, stability, and fluorescence. This review discusses the potential of multifunctional GQDs as a platform for receptor targeting, drug delivery, and bioimaging in pancreatic cancer. The current studies emphasized the ability of GQDs to selectively target pancreatic cancer cells by overexpressing binding receptors on the cell surface. Additionally, this review discussed the uses of GQDs as drug delivery vehicles for the controlled and targeted release of therapeutics for pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, the potential of GQDs as imaging agents for pancreatic cancer detection and monitoring has been discussed. Overall, multifunctional GQDs showed great promise as a versatile platform for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Further investigation of multifunctional GQDs in terms of their potential and optimization in the context of pancreatic cancer therapy is needed. 

Multifunctional GQDs for receptor targeting, drug delivery, and bioimaging in pancreatic cancer.

Higher cancer mortality rate can be prevented by the early detection of cancer-associated biomarkers and appropriate therapeutic intervention. Recently, electrochemical biosensors have drawn a great deal of interest because of their extremely high sensitivity, selectivity, and affordability in early cancer detection. Herein, we fabricated an aptasensor for the inexpensive and label-free detection of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antigen, a biomarker linked to breast cancer. The reduced graphene oxide–yttrium nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized using FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy, which confirmed the synthesis of the nanocomposite. The synthesized material was used for the fabrication of electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor antigen. The developed sensor (Y2O3–rGO/Apt/BSA) showed a wide linear detection range (10 fg mL–1 to 100 ng mL–1), a low detection limit of 0.251 fg mL–1, and an excellent sensitivity of 51.96 μA fM–1·cm–2. The aptasensor also provides a straightforward and quick approach to EGFR antigen detection in biological serum samples. The simple and facile synthesis method reported in this work led to the production of a high-purity, water-dispersible yttrium functionalized reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for cost-effective, faster, and ultrasensitive detection of breast cancer biomarkers using electrochemical aptasensors. 

Yttrium Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite-Based Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of a Breast Cancer Biomarker

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