Globally, in 2019, there are 1.9 billion women of reproductive age (15-49), of which 1.1 billion have a need for family planning. Of these, 842 million use contraceptives, and 270 million still have an unmet need for contraception. Ethiopia is a low-income country with inadequate access to family planning (FP), especially in the developing regions. The Ethiopian government was striving to increase the number of health facility in order to provide quality maternal care and services. Increasing the modern contraceptive prevalence rate is one of the goals of the government to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity.Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from mini-EDHS of 2019 demographic and health Survey datasets. The study comprised a total of 8885 reproductive-age women. Spatial variations and multilevel mixed effect analysis on determinants factors of modern contraceptive use among reproductive age women in Ethiopia; evidenced by mini-EDHS 2019. Finally, the percentage and odd ratio, its 95% confidence intervals, and the result of spatial analysis were reported.This study includes a total weighted sample of 8885 reproductive-age women from the 2019 mini-Ethiopian demographic and health survey. The prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 25.5% in Ethiopia. living in urban area [AOR = 2.13; 95% CI = (1.75, 2.61); P = 0.000], being married [AOR = 1.42; 95% CI = (1.19, 1.70); P = 0.000] were found positively associated with contraceptive use. In contrast to this, attending primary education [AOR = 0.91; 95% CI = (0.74, 1.12); P = 0.000]., being Muslim [AOR = 0.25; 95% CI = (0.22, 0.29); P = 0.000], being poorest [AOR = 0.54; 95% CI = (0.45, 0.66); P = 0.000] were found negatively associated with contraceptive use.In this study Individual and community level factors were associated with modern contraceptive use and also there were spatial variations in modern contraceptive use across the region among reproductive-age women. Empowering women to have better educational status, improving the wealth index, promoting marriage, creating awareness among rural residences women and promoting education about modern contraceptives through religiously acceptable persons, and promoting modern contraceptive use in developing regions were the key factors to improve modern contraceptive use among reproductive age women in Ethiopia. 

/pdf/spatial-variations-and-multilevel-mixed-effect-analysis-on-16a3qkiv.pdf

Spatial variations and multilevel mixed effect analysis on determinants factors of modern contraceptive utilization among reproductive age women in Ethiopia; proven by Ethiopian mini demographic health survey 2019

Auto-disable (AD) syringes are specifically designed to prevent syringe reuse. However, the notion that specific AD syringe designs may be unsafe due to reuse concerns related to the syringe’s acti...

Examining unsafe injection practices associated with auto-disable (AD) syringes: a systematic review

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the safeguards that help prevent illnesses and eliminate them when they occur. This study aimed to scan the related literature and provide pooled data about the level of knowledge, attitude toward infections, vaccination status, and infection prevalence among African HCWs to provide better evidence toward specific detailed determination of gaps to strengthen. A total of 11,038 published articles were identified from the search strategy. Among them, 163 articles met our inclusion criteria and passed the quality assessment procedure. 
Results: The prevalence of HBV was tested for 6,599 African HCWs;6.00% [95% Cl; 3.66, 8.33] were positive. The question Are you fully vaccinated against HBV? was answered by 12,036 HCWs; 43.22% [95% Cl; 31.22, 55.21] answered yes. The most crucial local factor identified among respondents for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was self-antibiotic prescription 42.00 % [18.79, 65.20]. The question (Does the infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines available in your workplace?) was asked to 1,582 HCWs; 50.95% [95% Cl; 40.22, 61.67] answered yes.
Conclusion: This study determined many weaknesses to be addressed for the sake of improving health in Africa. The current pooled data are critically significant to be implemented in planning governmental or NGOs strategies.

https://medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.14.21264931v1.full.pdf

Microbiological Assessment of Health-Care Providers in Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cambodia is a low-income country with limited access to family planning (FP) in terms of modern contraceptive utilization. Despite several FP programs designed to make contraceptives accessible, adoption of contraceptives has been difficult in Cambodia, which has high rates of fertility and maternal mortality. This gap in essential care can put women and adolescent girls at greater risk of adverse outcomes such as stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, unwanted pregnancy, or even maternal death. One of the goals set by the government to decrease both maternal and child mortality and morbidity was increasing the modern contraceptives utilization. So, the main objective of this study was to evaluate spatial variations in modern contraceptives utilization and its contributing factors among women. 

Factors associated with modern contraceptive utilization among reproductive age women in Cambodia; evidenced by the recent Cambodia demographic and health survey

This study examined the impact of COVID-19 on access to family planning for women of reproductive age (defined as ages 15 – 49) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Employing a scoping review methodology, we retrieved relevant literature spanning the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 eras, drawing information from major electronic databases. Inclusion criteria required studies addressing family planning and sexual and reproductive health among women of reproductive age in SSA. This review encompassed 36 published studies, with two-thirds of these originating from the pre-COVID-19 period. The majority of the studies utilized quantitative methodology (89%). While some evidence corroborates our hypothesis regarding the impact of COVID-19 on family planning services in SSA, initial findings somewhat downplayed this impact. However, a sensitivity bias test revealed a discernible effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s access to family planning services. The results of this review hold significance for policymakers and program implementers striving to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on access to family planning services among women in SSA.

COVID-19 and access to family planning among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review

Objective : To determine the uptake and factors associated with the uptake of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) attending Maternal Child Health and Family Planning Clinics/Units in Rift Valley Provincial Hospital in Kenya. Design : A descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting : Rift Valley Provincial hospital which is a level five health facility situated in Nakuru County, Kenya. Subjects : Women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who were attending Maternal Child Health and Family Planning Clinics at the Rift Valley Provincial Hospital. The respondents were identified by systematic random sampling Results : Modern contraceptive uptake is over ninety percent (90.4,n=218). The factors that are significantly associated with uptake of modern  contraceptives are perceived convenience to use modern contraceptives (OR 0.39, CI: 0.16 - 0.93, p value- 0.04), experience of unmet needs of contraception (OR 0.08, CI: 0.03 – 0.2, p value- 0.001), history of a modern contraception discontinuation (OR 5.5, CI: 1.7 – 9.2, p value- 0.036) and knowledge of modern contraceptives (OR 19.1, CI: 12.3 – 27.5, p value-0.001). Conclusion : This study concluded that uptake of modern contraceptive is relatively high in Nakuru, Kenya and there is need for programmes to focus more on the client of modern contraceptive and the attributes of the  modern contraceptives in up-scaling the uptake of modern contraceptives.

/pdf/the-uptake-of-modern-contraceptives-among-women-of-51lqhhxuvx.pdf

The uptake of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age attending maternal child health and family planning (mch/fp) clinics.

Objective To analyse the infection prevention practices in handling of injections by nurses in Rift Valley Provincial Hospital in Kenya. Design A cross-sectional observational study. Setting Rift Valley Provincial hospital which is a level five health facility situated in Nakuru County, Kenya. Subjects A sample of 386 injection procedures attributed to the nurses in Rift Valley Provincial Hospital was considered for this study. Results The study established that among all the injections administered in this study, 43.7% (386) adhered to aseptic techniques. Over seventy five percent (76.9%, n = 386) of the observed injections procedures did not involve the hand-washing, 53.4% (n = 206) did not involve swabbing of a vial rubber cap with alcohol swabs and 95.1%(n = 263) involved using of multidose drug in more than one designated patient. Over ninety five percent (95.6%, n = 364) of the observed procedures involved use of sterile the syringe bit of the devices only while the rest used either clean or contaminated syringes. Around forty percent (42.2%, n = 316) of the injections preparation was done elsewhere (not at the patient bedside) before administration. Slightly over thirty five percent (36.6%, n = 386) of the injections were administered immediately upon reconstitution(at the right time). The study also established the use of aseptic techniques to reconstitute and administer was significantly related to the number of nurses to patients ratio per shift (X2(1) = 3.5: p = 0.04). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that patient safety in public hospital is still relatively low. The adherence to basic infection prevention procedures/aseptic techniques in handling of injections by health workers is still a concern. The adherence to aseptic techniques in handling injections is significantly associated with the nurses to patients ratios. Therefore, it is imperative to improve nurse to patient ratio in public health facilities in Kenya.

/pdf/nurses-infection-prevention-practices-in-handling-injections-12rdp9m66u.pdf

Nurses infection prevention practices in handling injections: a case of rift valley provincial hospital in kenya.

Sound institutions and good governance go hand in hand, Kaufman and Kraay (2003) defines good governance as “the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised”.it encompasses:- the capacity of the government to formulate and implement sound policies, manage resources and provide services efficiently; and the process that allows citizens to select, hold accountable, monitor and replace government; and, the institutions that govern economic and social interaction.

Hospital governance for the counties in kenya, ‘ephasis on government-run institutions'.

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The uptake of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age attending maternal child health and family planning (mch/fp) clinics.

Nurses infection prevention practices in handling injections: a case of rift valley provincial hospital in kenya.

Hospital governance for the counties in kenya, ‘ephasis on government-run institutions'.