Solid-state switch-mode rectification converters have reached a matured level for improving power quality in terms of power-factor correction (PFC), reduced total harmonic distortion at input AC mains and precisely regulated DC output in buck, boost, buck-boost and multilevel modes with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. This paper deals with a comprehensive review of improved power quality converters (IPQCs) configurations, control approaches, design features, selection of components, other related considerations, and their suitability and selection for specific applications. It is targeted to provide a wide spectrum on the status of IPQC technology to researchers, designers and application engineers working on switched-mode AC-DC converters. A classified list of more than 450 research publications on the state of art of IPQC is also given for a quick reference.

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A review of single-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters

A new control method for current-type pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifiers which can provide active damping function is presented. This damping function is effective only on the harmonic components of AC input current selectively. Thus steady-state waveform distortion and transient oscillation of the input current are reduced by the active damping effects. The active damping function can be realized by feedback control of an LC filter connected to the AC side of the rectifier, and it does not require any additional components in the main circuits, permitting a simple circuit configuration. The control system of the proposed PWM rectifier is analyzed by using a simple block diagram developed in the present paper. From the analytical results, the influence of the circuit parameters and control delay on the active damping effects and the stability of the operation are clarified to establish the design method. To confirm the effectiveness of the active damping function, some results of basic experiments are included. As an example of application of the active damping function, the proposed rectifier is applied to reduce the harmonic currents generated by conventional rectifiers operating in parallel with the proposed rectifier. Some experimental results in this application are also included.

A current-type PWM rectifier with active damping function

A fully-software-controlled pulse-width-modulated (PWM) rectifier with a current link is presented. The rectifier uses six switches to connect the three-phase source of the load directly. Line power factor is controlled while maintaining DC current. The input filter of the rectifier is analyzed, showing that unity power factor is achieved by the lagging of the input current of the rectifier with respect to the source voltage. The PWM technique is developed using a space vector modulation, and its implementation is carried out with a minimal control hardware structure based on a 16 b single-chip microcomputer. It is shown experimentally that the scheme gives good performance. >

A fully software-controlled PWM rectifier with current link

A control method for current-type PWM AC-to-DC converters that realizes a sinusoidal AC input current and unity power factor is discussed in detail. In such converters, an LC filter placed on the AC side may cause a resonant problem, especially in the transient condition. To overcome this problem, state feedback control is introduced, and a control strategy suitable for DC-output current control as well as AC-side current control is proposed. Circuit parameters and feedback coefficients in the AC-side current control system are optimized on the basis of an analysis in which the system is treated as a sampled-data system. A method of investigating parameters in the DC-side current control system is shown. To confirm the effectiveness of the control strategy and the validity of the analytical results, an experimental investigation of the basic characteristics of the system is made. As an example, this system is applied to controlling the current waveform in the reactor. The experimental results for this application are also included. >

State feedback control of current type PWM AC-to-DC converters

—Energy storage devices and systems are playing a major role in all electrical systems from small electronics devices and automotive systems to the utility grid. The main objective of this article is to review energy storage devices, management, control, interface, and demonstrations for electrical power systems. Various types of energy storage systems are discussed, but the main focus is on batteries and ultracapacitors. Different types of batteries and their electrical models are explained. Three major types of ultracapcitors are also discussed. The battery management system and its functions, controls, and hardware are discussed. Various power electronics-based interface systems for battery and ultracapcitor charging and discharging are presented. Applications of energy storage systems for utility applications, including renewable firming, power shifting, and ancillary services, are discussed.

Modeling and Management of Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Renewable Energy Support in Electric Power Systems–An Overview

A digital interface for a three-phase PWM ac-dc GTO converter is described, and a microprocessor-based firing scheme for the PWM control system is proposed. Two modulation strategies, equal pulsewidth modulation (EPWM) and sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM), are implemented and their efficiencies of operation considered. Applied as the inner current loop in a dc motor controller with constant-gain proportional-plus-integral (PI) control, a fast response to step reference input changes is obtained. The theoretical responses using an approximate z-transform analysis are used to obtain optimum operational parameters.

Current Source Optimization in AC-DC GTO Thyristor Converters

A four-quadrant AC-fed converter for a DC machine drive using a single bridge thyristor fully controlled rectifier with GTO (gate turn-off) thyristor zero-current reversing switch is described. The circuit has the advantages of no circulating currents and very short current commutation time. Microprocessor-based control techniques are described which achieve optimum transient operation of the converter.

Microprocessor-controlled power converter using single bridge rectifier and GTO current switch:

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Current Source Optimization in AC-DC GTO Thyristor Converters

Microprocessor-controlled power converter using single bridge rectifier and GTO current switch: