We investigate the potential of the upcoming LOBSTER space observatory (due circa 2009) to detect soft-X-ray flashes from shock breakout in supernovae, primarily from Type II events. LOBSTER should discover many supernova (SN) breakout flashes, although the number is sensitive to the uncertain distribution of extragalactic gas columns. X-ray data will constrain the radii of the progenitor stars far more tightly than can be accomplished with optical observations of the SN light curve. We anticipate the appearance of blue supergiant explosions (SN 1987A analogues), which will uncover a population of these underluminous events. We consider also how the mass, explosion energy, and absorbing column can be constrained from X-ray observables alone and with the assistance of optically determined distances. These conclusions are drawn using known scaling relations to extrapolate, from previous numerical calculations, the LOBSTER response to explosions with a broad range of parameters. We comment on a small population of flashes with 0.2 < z < 0.8 that should exist as transient background events in XMM-Newton, Chandra, and ROSAT integrations.

/pdf/supernova-properties-from-shock-breakout-x-rays-3f8b43d1q1.pdf

Supernova properties from shock breakout X-rays

We investigate the potential of the upcoming LOBSTER space observatory (due circa 2009) to detect soft X-ray flashes from shock breakout in supernovae, primarily from Type II events. LOBSTER should discover many SN breakout flashes, although the number is sensitive to the uncertain distribution of extragalactic gas columns. X-ray data will constrain the radii of their progenitor stars far more tightly than can be accomplished with optical observations of the SN light curve. We anticipate the appearance of blue supergiant explosions (SN 1987A analogs), which will uncover a population of these underluminous events. We consider also how the mass, explosion energy, and absorbing column can be constrained from X-ray observables alone and with the assistance of optically-determined distances. These conclusions are drawn using known scaling relations to extrapolate, from previous numerical calculations, the LOBSTER response to explosions with a broad range of parameters. We comment on a small population of flashes with 0.2 < z < 0.8 that should exist as transient background events in XMM, Chandra, and ROSAT integrations.

Supernova Properties from Shock Breakout X-rays

A brief description of the current state of knowledge for Type II light curves is given, including discussion of some of the remaining problems. The use of supernovae of both types as independent distance indicators is outlined and difficulties are pointed out. A summary of new ideas regarding the origin of Type I light curves is presented.

The light curve epochs of supernovae explosions

The Light Curve Epochs of Supernovae Explosions

Since the heroic era of Baade and Zwicky, our understanding of supernovae has advanced in hops and skips rather than steadily. The most recent jump has been into fairly general agreement that observations of Type I's can be interpreted as the manifestation of the decay of about 1M of Ni56 and observations of Type II's as the manifestation of 1051 ergs deposited at the bottom of a supergiant envelope by core bounce as a central neutron star forms. This paper explores the history of these and other ideas of what is going on in supernovae, the presupernova evolution of the parent stars and binary systems, observed properties of the events, and models for them. A later paper (Part II: the aftermath) will address the results of supernovae-their remnants, production of cosmic rays and gamma rays, nucleosynthesis, and galactic evolution-and the future of supernova research. © 1982 The American Physical Society.

/pdf/supernovae-part-i-the-events-30b3a3sk4c.pdf

Supernovae. Part I: The events

The soft X-ray data from the low energy detectors of the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment are surveyed in the 0.15-3.0 keV range to search for X-ray bursts (less than 1 hour) from extragalactic supernovae predicted by Klein and Chevalier. To within the operating sensitivity of 0.08 photons per sq cm/s no events were discovered from the first 8 months of operation. This is consistent with the theoretical prediction that the probability of finding one such event is small. The HEAO 2 satellite should be capable of detecting supernovae out to 2000 Mpc; these events are of cosmological interest.

A search for X-ray bursts from extragalactic supernovae using the HEAO 1 satellite

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A search for X-ray bursts from extragalactic supernovae using the HEAO 1 satellite