A vast, arid, and virtually uninhabited region covering eastern Mauritania and northern Mali appears in satellite estimates of dust loading as the global maximum during boreal summer. Here the complex meteorological conditions that create this central western Sahara (CWS) dust hot spot are investigated on the basis of regression analyses and case study examples using a wide range of satellite analysis products. The results confirm the importance of African easterly waves (AEWs), previously hypothesized on the basis of case studies. The main ingredients to create this connection are as follows. (1) Strengthened southerlies to the east of an AEW trough advect moist air into the southern Sahara. Daytime heating and orography trigger moist convection in this air mass. Strong evaporation in dry midlevel air generates extended cold pools and haboob dust storms. (2) Vertical mixing brings dust into the upper parts of the deep Saharan boundary layer, from where it can be advected back into the CWS region with the northerlies ahead of the next AEW trough. (3) If the associated surface vortex is strong enough, more dust emission occurs within or just upstream of the CWS. (4) High-amplitude waves in the subtropics enhance the meridional flow associated with the AEW. Although there is a considerable case-to-case variability, it can be concluded that AEWs in concert with extratropical disturbances substantially contribute to the hot spot creation both through emission and the organization of transport. Disagreement between different satellite products and the presence of clouds complicate the analysis and underline the necessity for new observations.

/pdf/the-central-west-saharan-dust-hot-spot-and-its-relation-to-13mdbvk653.pdf

The central west Saharan dust hot spot and its relation to African easterly waves and extratropical disturbances

The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument aboard the Terra satellite acquires imagery at 275-m resolution at nine angles ranging from 0deg (nadir) to 70deg off-nadir. This multi-angle capability facilitates the stereoscopic retrieval of heights and motion vectors for clouds and aerosol plumes. MISR's operational stereo product uses this capability to retrieve cloud heights and winds for every satellite orbit, yielding global coverage every nine days. The MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX) visualization and analysis tool complements the operational stereo product by providing users the ability to retrieve heights and winds locally for detailed studies of smoke, dust and volcanic ash plumes, as well as clouds, at higher spatial resolution and with greater precision than is possible with the operational product or with other space-based, passive, remote sensing instruments. This ability to investigate plume geometry and dynamics is becoming increasingly important as climate and air quality studies require greater knowledge about the injection of aerosols and the location of clouds within the atmosphere. MINX incorporates features that allow users to customize their stereo retrievals for optimum results under varying aerosol and underlying surface conditions. This paper discusses the stereo retrieval algorithms and retrieval options in MINX, and provides appropriate examples to explain how the program can be used to achieve the best results.

/pdf/stereoscopic-height-and-wind-retrievals-for-aerosol-plumes-3gfj252u3t.pdf

Stereoscopic Height and Wind Retrievals for Aerosol Plumes with the MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX)

. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)
instrument has been operational on the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite since
early 2000, creating an extensive data set of global Earth observations.
Here we introduce the latest version of the MISR aerosol products. The level
2 (swath) product, which is reported on a 4.4 km spatial grid, is designated as version 23 (V23) and contains retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) and
aerosol particle property information derived from MISR's multi-angle
observations over both land and water. The changes from the previous version
of the algorithm (V22) have significant impacts on the data product and its
interpretation. The V23 data set is created from two separate retrieval
algorithms that are applied over dark water and land surfaces, respectively.
Besides increasing the horizontal resolution to 4.4 km compared with the
coarser 17.6 m resolution in V22 and streamlining the format and content,
the V23 product has added geolocation information, pixel-level uncertainty
estimates, and improved cloud screening. MISR data can be obtained from the
NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center at https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/misr/misr_table (last access: 11 October 2019). The
version number for the V23 level 2 aerosol product is F13_0023. The level 3 (gridded) aerosol product is still reported at
 0.5 ∘ × 0.5 ∘ spatial resolution with results aggregated
from the higher-resolution level 2 data. The format and content at level 3
have also been updated to reflect the changes made at level 2. The level 3
product associated with the V23 level 2 product version is designated as
F15_0032. Both the level 2 and level 3 products are now
provided in NetCDF format.

Introducing the 4.4 km spatial resolution Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aerosol product

https://sites.bu.edu/cliveg/files/2013/09/dh02.pdf

Stochastic transport theory for investigating the three-dimensional canopy structure from space measurements

Inhalation of airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes However, the relative toxicity of specific PM types—mixtures of particles of varying sizes, shapes, and chemical compositions—is not well understood A major impediment has been the sparse distribution of surface sensors, especially those measuring speciated PM Aerosol remote sensing from Earth orbit offers the opportunity to improve our understanding of the health risks associated with different particle types and sources The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument aboard NASA’s Terra satellite has demonstrated the value of near-simultaneous observations of backscattered sunlight from multiple view angles for remote sensing of aerosol abundances and particle properties over land The Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) instrument, currently in development, improves on MISR’s sensitivity to airborne particle composition by incorporating polarimetry and expanded spectral range Spatiotemporal regression relationships generated using collocated surface monitor and chemical transport model data will be used to convert fractional aerosol optical depths retrieved from MAIA observations to near-surface PM10, PM25, and speciated PM25 Health scientists on the MAIA team will use the resulting exposure estimates over globally distributed target areas to investigate the association of particle species with population health effects

https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/journal-of-applied-remote-sensing/volume-12/issue-4/042603/Advances-in-multiangle-satellite-remote-sensing-of-speciated-airborne-particulate/10.1117/1.JRS.12.042603.pdf

Advances in multiangle satellite remote sensing of speciated airborne particulate matter and association with adverse health effects: from MISR to MAIA

Ground processing of data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument, part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS), exploits new and unique science algorithms not previously used operationally. A range of data products from Level 1 through Level 3 is being produced. Because of MISR's unprecedented design, extensive prototyping was required from a relatively early stage. The data throughput is large, necessitating an innovative software design approach that maximizes performance. The systematic science processing software was developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with data processing occurring at the NASA Langley Research Center using the EOS Core System, a collaborative arrangement that works well. With the availability of actual mission data following launch on the Terra spacecraft in December 1999, MISR's computational needs have become better known, and many improvements have been made to both the science software and the production system to achieve a successful overall data processing capability. This paper provides information about MISR data for the science user, and describes the nature and scope of implementation and operations activities.

The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer science data system, its products, tools, and performance

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The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer science data system, its products, tools, and performance