Activation in lectin-free interleukin 2 (IL-2) containing supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL) from cancer patients or normal individuals resulted in expression of cytotoxicity toward 20 of 21 natural killer (NK)-resistant fresh solid tumor cells tested. Fresh solid tumor cells were resistant to NK-mediated lysis in 10 autologous patients' PBL-tumor interactions, and from 17 normal individuals tested against 13 allogeneic fresh tumors. Culture of PBL in IL-2 for 2-3 d was required for the lymphokine activated killers (LAK) to be expressed, and lytic activity toward a variety of NK-resistant fresh and cultured tumor targets developed in parallel. Autologous IL-2 was functional in LAK activation, as well as interferon-depleted IL-2 preparations. Irradiation of responder PBL before culture in IL-2 prevented LAK development. Precursors of LAK were present in PBL depleted of adherent cells and in NK-void thoracic duct lymphocytes, suggesting that the precursor is neither a monocyte nor an NK cell. LAK effectors expressed the serologically defined T cell markers of OKT.3, Leu-1, and 4F2, but did not express the monocyte/NK marker OKM-1. Lysis of autologous fresh solid tumors by LAK from cancer patients' PBL was demonstrated in 85% of the patient-fresh tumor combinations. Our data present evidence that the LAK system is a phenomenon distinct from either NK or CTL systems that probably accounts for a large number of reported nonclassical cytotoxicities. The biological role of LAK cells is not yet known, although it is suggested that these cells may be functional in immune surveillance against human solid tumors.

https://rupress.org/jem/article-pdf/155/6/1823/1092516/1823.pdf

Lymphokine-activated killer cell phenomenon. Lysis of natural killer-resistant fresh solid tumor cells by interleukin 2-activated autologous human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

https://imageserv11.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/575/Saad_TDC_Bacteremia_AJKD_1999.pdf

Bacteremia associated with tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters.

A catheter for hemodialysis comprises a flexible catheter tube defining a plurality of separate lumens. The catheter defines an arc angle of generally U-shape in its natural, unstressed configuration. Thus, the catheter may be implanted with a distal catheter portion residing in a vein of the patient, the distal catheter portion being of substantially the shape of the vein in its natural, unstressed condition. Also, a proximal catheter portion resides in a surgically created tunnel extending from the vein and through the skin of the patient, this section of the catheter also being typically in its natural, unstressed condition. Thus blood may be removed from the vein through one lumen of the catheter, and blood may be returned to the vein through another lumen of the catheter, while the catheter is subject to long term indwelling in the body. Improved results are achieved because of the lack of mechanical stress in the shape of the catheter, which stress causes the catheter to press unduly against adjacent tissues.

Multiple lumen catheter for hemodialysis

Natural killer (NK) cells in the human are a population of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) with at least one unique surface antigen not expressed on cells of other lineages. NK-target-cell interaction appears to involve carbohydrate recognition and, following binding, the NK cells are induced to generate O2−, transmethylate membrane phospholipids, and activate phospholipase A2. Some or all of these activities trigger a cascade of events which ultimately leads to the secretion of a substance toxic to the target cell. A variety of genes controls various steps in this cytolytic pathway. There is a good deal of evidence in the mouse, and some in the human, that NK cells play a role in host surveillance against tumor development, resistance to viral infections, and, possibly, hematopoietic regulation.

The biology of the human natural killer cell

Initial experience and outcome of a new hemodialysis access device for catheter-dependent patients.

Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been shown to be age-dependent in both rats and mice. The present study was undertaken to study age-related levels of natural cytotoxicity in humans. Mononuclear peripheral blood cells from over 200 normal volunteers were co-incubated with 51Cr-labeled K-562 for 4 h and the supernatants assayed for released isotope. No striking age-related variations in natural cytotoxicity were observed. Cord blood was shown to exhibit both high and low levels of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. There was no significant difference in the levels of natural cytotoxicity between males and females. Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from prospective kidney graft recipients were tested for natural cytotoxicity at intervals during drainage. Natural cytotoxic activity was undetectable in samples from initial drainage but increased as the drainage progressed. This increased activity was correlated with decreased in vitro responsiveness to PHA and decreased levels of E-rosettes in these TDL.

Human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Central venous dialysis access: Experience with a dual-lumen, silicone rubber catheter

Allograft rejection continues to be the major obstacle to obtaining a successful graft in spite of significant strides having been made in the areas of histocompatibility, organ preservation, and immunosuppression. At the Veterans Administration Medical Center and the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, we have used thoracic duct drainage (TDD) as a means of immunologically preparing a select group of patients for transplantation. This report presents our clinical experience with this therapeutic modality during the past 10 years.

Thoracic Duct Drainage

1. Patients subjected to TDD prior to transplantation had a 4-yr graft survival rate of 65% compared to a comparably HL-A-matched group in which the survival rate was 35%9 2. Patients classified as non-responders to tissue antigens have a much higher graft retention rate than responders. Responders subjected to TDD have a 1 yr graft survival rate of 62% compared to a comparably HL-A-matched group with a survival rate of 28%. 3. Individuals with a positive crossmatch or receiving second or third transplants and subjected to TDD do much better than such individuals not subjected to TDD.

Preformed cytotoxic antibody in patients subjected to thoracic duct drainage.

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Human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Central venous dialysis access: Experience with a dual-lumen, silicone rubber catheter

Thoracic Duct Drainage

Preformed cytotoxic antibody in patients subjected to thoracic duct drainage.