This paper gives the 2010 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2010 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2006 adjustment as well as the data that became available from 1 January 2007, after the closing date of that adjustment, until 31 December 2010, the closing date of the new adjustment. Further, it describes in detail the adjustment of the values of the constants, including the selection of the final set of input data based on the results of least-squares analyses. The 2010 set replaces the previously recommended 2006 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants.

/pdf/codata-recommended-values-of-the-fundamental-physical-4bsdant71c.pdf

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006

A compilation of charged-particle induced thermonuclear reaction rates

Energy levels of A = 21−44 nuclei (V)

Energy levels of light nuclei A=8,9,10

Determination of the gravitational constant G using laser-cooled atoms and quantum interferometry, a technique that gives new insight into the systematic errors that have proved elusive in previous experiments, yields a value that has a relative uncertainty of 150 parts per million and which differs from the current recommended value by 1.5 combined standard deviations. The Newtonian gravitational constant G, also known as the universal gravitational constant or 'big G', is a fundamental physical constant that is used in the calculation of gravitational attraction between two bodies. There are several ways to measure G with high precision, but these measurements disagree, presumably because of the intervention of unknown errors in the different experiments. With the aim of identifying and ultimately removing the systematic errors that give rise to these discrepancies, Gabriele Rosi and colleagues have carried out a high-precision measurement of G using quantum interferometry with laser-cooled atoms, an experimental approach that differs radically from previous determinations. The authors obtain a value for G with a precision of ∼0.015% — approaching that of the traditional measurements, and with prospects for considerable further improvement. Although this result doesn't yet solve the problem of the discrepant measurements, the use of such a radically different technique holds promise for identifying the systematic errors that have plagued previous determinations. About 300 experiments have tried to determine the value of the Newtonian gravitational constant, G, so far, but large discrepancies in the results have made it impossible to know its value precisely1. The weakness of the gravitational interaction and the impossibility of shielding the effects of gravity make it very difficult to measure G while keeping systematic effects under control. Most previous experiments performed were based on the torsion pendulum or torsion balance scheme as in the experiment by Cavendish2 in 1798, and in all cases macroscopic masses were used. Here we report the precise determination of G using laser-cooled atoms and quantum interferometry. We obtain the value G = 6.67191(99) × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 with a relative uncertainty of 150 parts per million (the combined standard uncertainty is given in parentheses). Our value differs by 1.5 combined standard deviations from the current recommended value of the Committee on Data for Science and Technology3. A conceptually different experiment such as ours helps to identify the systematic errors that have proved elusive in previous experiments, thus improving the confidence in the value of G. There is no definitive relationship between G and the other fundamental constants, and there is no theoretical prediction for its value, against which to test experimental results. Improving the precision with which we know G has not only a pure metrological interest, but is also important because of the key role that G has in theories of gravitation, cosmology, particle physics and astrophysics and in geophysical models.

/pdf/precision-measurement-of-the-newtonian-gravitational-3baybd7a0j.pdf

Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant using cold atoms

Determination of lifetime and ground-state energy of 8Be by α-α elastic scattering at 184 keV

Lifetime and energy of the ground state of 8Be

Excited states in 10B from the reaction 6Li(α, α)6Li

Mean lifetime of the 8.88 MeV state in 16O

In 2006, a final result of a measurement of the gravi- tational constant G performed by researchers at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, was published. A value of G =6.674252(122)×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 was obtained after an experimental effort that lasted over one decade. Here, we briefly summarize the measurement and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this approach.

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsta.2014.0027

Reflections on a measurement of the gravitational constant using a beam balance and 13 tons of mercury.

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