Human orf occurred in 19 cases. The pathogenesis of the disease is similar in man and sheep, going through macular, target, acute, regenerative, papiliomatous, and regressive stages. Our cases healed with no scar in an average of 36 days. In three cases there was fever, lymphangitis, and lymphadenopathy. These complications cleared in three days in the cases observed. Progressive increase in size of regional lymph nodes was found 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after experimental vaccination of the extremities of a ewe. Electron microscopy revealed viral particles in various stages of maturation. The particles had the characteristic size and structure of the poxvirus group.

Orf: Report of 19 Human Cases With Clinical and Pathological Observations

| Contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD), also known as Orf or contagious ecthyma is an important viral disease of sheep and goats. It is mainly seen as a benign disease but malignant form has also been reported from few parts of the world. The rates of morbidity and mortality are higher, particularly in lambs and kids experiencing the disease for the first time. The causative agent of disease is Orf virus, type species of the genus Parapoxvirus belonging to family Poxviridae. The virus produces localized persistent proliferative skin lesions and affected hosts are infected repeatedly owing to its host immune evasive strategy. These viruses have been found uniformly labile to chloroform but resistant to ether and also exhibit antigenic variations among them. Clinically, the disease is enzootic and occurs in three forms viz. labial, genital / mammary and generalized forms. The incubation period in natural cases is 2-3 weeks. The disease outbreaks mostly occur between autumn and spring but its severity is more in autumn and winter than spring. The virus grows well in cell cultures of caprine, ovine and bovine origin. Confounding symptoms impose laboratory affirmation by serological assays or molecular techniques. The disease can be diagnosed by electron microscopy, serological tests and PCR/ quantitative real-time PCR. Virus specific antibody response to structural proteins of capripox and orf viruses in western-blot analysis readily differentiates these two infections. The antibody response to the 32 kDa and 26 kDa proteins of capripox viruses provides a firm basis for differentiation. Although, the role of humoral immunity is well established but probably cell mediated immunity plays a major role in recovery from natural infections. A number of inactivated and live or live modified vaccines have been tried with variable success. The duration of immunity after vaccination is controversial; outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated animals. The disease is also of public health significance as it causes infection in human beings.

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Contagious pustular dermatitis (C. P. D.) is a natural disease of sheep and goats, occasionally also man, having a world-wide distribution. I ts pathology and the morphology and resistance of the causal agent have long caused it to be regarded as a distinct member of the pox-group (1-3). Numerous at tempts have been made to find an experimental host, in which the virus could be easily handled in the laboratory but even recently rabbits (4-6), mice (5, 6), guinea pigs (5, 6) and embryonated eggs (5-9) have all proved to be completely unsuitable or of limited value. Finally Greig (10) reported on the successful cultivation of three Canadian strains of the virus in monolayers of embryonic sheep skin. A cytopathogenic effect was observed and culture virus was suggested for use as a vaccine. In this laboratory a study is being made of various mammalian poxgroup viruses and the present paper records observations on the growth and cytopathogenicity of one English strain of C. P. D. virus in monolayer cultures of sheep, goat and ox cells. A limited amount of data was also obtained on a t tempted hyper-immunisation of rabbits and the resistance of the virus. Materials and Methods

Studies with a strain of contagious pustular dermatitis virus in tissue culture.

The microscopic appearance of ecthyma contagiosum (orf) in sheep, rabbits, and man.

/pdf/human-orf-isolation-of-the-virus-by-tissue-culture-ntooazbdmp.pdf

Human orf. Isolation of the virus by tissue culture.

Human Infection with the Virus of Contagious Pustular Dermatitis.

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Human Infection with the Virus of Contagious Pustular Dermatitis.