During the past two decades, onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), has become a global pest of increasing concern in commercial onion (Allium cepa L.), because of its development of resistance to insecticides, ability to transmit plant pathogens, and frequency of producing more generations at high temperatures. T. tabaci feeds directly on leaves, causing blotches and premature senescence as well as distorted and undersized bulbs. T. tabaci can cause yield loss > 50% but can be even more problematic when it transmits Iris yellow spot virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, IYSV). IYSV was identified in 1981 in Brazil and has spread to many important onion-producing regions of the world, including several U.S. states. IYSV symptoms include straw-colored, dry, tan, spindle- or diamond-shaped lesions on the leaves and scapes of onion plants and can cause yield loss up to 100%. Here, we review the biology and ecology of T. tabaci and discuss current management strategies based on chemical, biological, and cultural control as well as host resistance. Future directions for research in integrated pest management are examined and discussed.

/pdf/onion-thrips-thysanoptera-thripidae-a-global-pest-of-26jpqhc9dc.pdf

Onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): a global pest of increasing concern in onion.

This paper reviews the history of Iris yellow spot virus in the USA and the world, epidemiology of Iris yellow spot and the onion thrips vector, and management of Iris yellow spot and thrips. Future prospects and outlook are also discussed.

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PD-90-1468

Iris yellow spot virus: An Emerging Threat to Onion Bulb and Seed Production.

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a well-known onion pest worldwide. Onion thrips cause both direct and indirect damage to onion by feeding and ovipositing on leaves that may cause green onions (scallions) to be unmarketable and dry bulb onion size to be reduced. Onion thrips can also transmit several plant pathogens that reduce onion bulb size and quality. One of the most economically damaging onion pathogens transmitted by onion thrips is Iris yellow spot virus (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus ). In this article, we discuss onion thrips geographical distribution, host range, biology, damage, monitoring, economic thresholds, and management in onion production.

Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Biology, Ecology, and Management in Onion Production Systems

An action threshold (AT) is one of the most important decision-making elements in integrated pest management. Unlike economic thresholds, ATs are not typically derived from an economic injury level model, but they are more commonly used. ATs may be identified from research-based, pest-crop relationships, but they also may be based on experience. ATs may be adjusted depending on, e.g., weather and plant variety, but modifying ATs to accommodate differences in insecticide efficacy has received little attention. To examine this point, several combinations of ATs and insecticides were evaluated against onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a major pest of onion (Allium cepa L.). Studies were conducted in New York onion fields from 2006 to 2008 by using registered insecticides for T. tabaci on onions. We hypothesized that the most efficacious insecticides would provide acceptable control of thrips populations regardless of AT (one, three, and five thrips per leaf), whereas less effective products would only control populations using the lowest AT (one thrips per leaf). Results indicated that T. tabaci infestations were managed effectively when spinetoram was applied after a three larvae per leaf threshold, but not when using lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl or formetanate hydrochloride. However, T. tabaci infestations were managed well when methomyl and formetanate hydrochloride were applied after a one larva per leaf threshold. T. tabaci infestations were never controlled using lambda-cyhalothrin, regardless of the AT used. None of the products reduced T. tabaci populations to an acceptable level when applied at a five larvae per leaf threshold. Implications of adjusting ATs based on efficacy of different insecticides are discussed.

http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/publications/pdf/Nault%20et%20al%202010%20Impact%20of%20insecticide%20efficacy%20on%20developing%20action%20thresholds%20for%20pest%20managemnt.pdf

Impact of Insecticide Efficacy on Developing Action Thresholds for Pest Management: A Case Study of Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Onion

We simulated the population dynamics and population genetics of two bivoltine species of corn borers, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, in a hypothetical region of irrigated transgenic and nontransgenic corn where insecticide was applied only to the nontransgenic refuge crop. Over the 100-yr time horizon, resistance developed quickly in both species and to both transgenic corn and the insecticide when the allele for resistance to the respective toxin was dominant. When the allele for transgenic resistance was not dominant and the refuge location was constant over the time horizon, spraying the refuge to control southwestern corn borer had no effect on how quickly resistance to the transgenic corn developed. In contrast, the European corn borer developed resistance to transgenic corn much sooner when the refuge was sprayed once per year, and the time to 3% resistance allele frequency decreased as efficacy of the insecticide increased. Only when the refuge was treated less than once every 5 yr (10 generations) did the frequency of application decline enough to permit resistance management for the European corn borer to approximate the effectiveness of an unsprayed refuge. A consistently sprayed refuge <40% of the corn acreage was an inadequate resistance management strategy for the European corn borer even when a low efficacy insecticide (70% mortality) was used. When assumptions about European corn borer adult behavior were changed and the adults behaved similarly to adult southwestern corn borer, the development of resistance to the transgenic crop was slowed significantly.

Modeling the Development of Resistance by Stalk-Boring Lepidopteran Insects (Crambidae) in Areas with Transgenic Corn and Frequent Insecticide Use

Data collected in 1983 from six commercial onion fields in upstate New York indicate that dispersion characteristics of onion thrips (OT), Thrips tabaci Lindeman, are precisely described by Taylor’s power law ( S 2 = amb), with 1na = 0.517, S 1na = 0.059, b = 1.89, and S b = 0.028 ( n = 47; r 2 = 0.99; P ≤ 0.0001). Additionally, during the main period of infestation (late July–late August) OT appear to be randomly distributed within an onion field. Data on OT dispersion were used to develop a sequential sampling procedure linked to a dynamic action threshold of three OT per leaf. This sampling plan was tested in 50 commercial onion fields in 1985. Results indicate that treatment decisions were reached 88% of the time after inspecting only 15 plants. Only 10 of 314 (3%) field inspections required a scout to examine 50 plants to reach a treatment decision. When the sequential sampling plan was compared with a fixed sample size of 50 or 100 plants, 95% of the decisions made were the same, and in the remaining 5% of the cases no sequential decision was made.

Development and use of a dynamic sequential sampling program for onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on onions.

Studies were conducted in commercial sweet corn fields in upstate New York to collect information for developing a sampling protocol for egg masses and larvae of European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Information was collected on 1) aggregation of populations in portions of the field (e.g., aggregation along borders), 2) distribution of sample observations for a whole-plant sample unit, and 3) distribution of insects within the sample unit (i.e., the within-plant distribution of eggs and larvae). Analyses of data indicated that distribution of egg masses and larvae throughout a field was essentially random with no evidence to support the hypothesis that eggs were preferentially laid near field borders where mating and resting of female adults occurred. From data on dispersion of ECB on individual plants, a Poisson series is a reasonable model for characterizing distribution of ECB egg masses. Parameters of a variance-mean model for the small larvae indicate that these larvae are highly aggregated but that aggregation becomes less pronounced as larvae mature. Since control measures are most effective against egg masses and small larvae, a sampling protocol that utilizes characteristics of both stages should be employed. An index of ovipositional activity measured via incidence of egg masses on plants can be determined by inspecting plants for presence of either egg masses or small larvae. This can be accomplished by using a binomial-based sequential sampling plan.

Distribution of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Egg Masses and Larvae on Sweet Corn in New York

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Development and use of a dynamic sequential sampling program for onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on onions.

Distribution of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Egg Masses and Larvae on Sweet Corn in New York