https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/RevModPhys.70.685

Nobel Lecture: The manipulation of neutral particles

We present a detailed description of new observations of parity nonconservation in the ${6}^{2}$${P}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${7}^{2}$${P}_{1/2}$ transition (293 nm) in atomic $_{{\mathrm{}}^{2}{\mathrm{}}_{81}^{05}}\mathrm{Tl}$. Linearly polarized 293-nm photons, polarization \ensuremath{\varepsilon}^, are absorbed by ${6}^{2}$${P}_{1/2}$ atoms in crossed E and B fields. The transition probability for each Zeeman component contains a pseudoscalar term, proportional to \ensuremath{\varepsilon}^\ensuremath{\cdot}B\ensuremath{\varepsilon}^\ensuremath{\cdot}E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}B, arising from interference between the parity-nonconserving E1 amplitude ${\mathrm{scrE}}_{P}$ and the Stark E1 amplitude \ensuremath{\beta}E. This is detected by observation of fluorescence at 535 nm accompanying the decay ${(7}^{2}$${P}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) ${7}^{2}$${S}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${6}^{2}$${P}_{3/2}$. Systematic corrections, due to imperfect linear polarization and misaligned E and B fields, are determined precisely by auxiliary experiments and found to be small. Our final result: Im[${\mathrm{scrE}}_{P/\ensuremath{\beta}}$]${\ensuremath{\Vert}}_{\mathrm{expt}}$=-(1.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0 .26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07) mV/cm, where the first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic, is compared with results of other experiments and with theoretical estimates based on the standard SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) electroweak model.

Parity nonconservation in atomic thallium.

Refined observations of parity nonconservation in the 6{sup 2}P{sub 1/2} -7{sup 2}P{sub 1/2} transition in {sub 81}Tl {sup 203,205} are reported. Absorption of circularly polarized 293 nm photons by 6{sup 2 }P{sub 1/2} atoms in an E field results in polarization of the 7{sup 2}P{sub 1/2} state, through interference of the Stark E1 amplitude with M1 and parity-nonconserving E1 amplitudes. Detection of this polarization yields the circular dichroism δ=+(2.8±{sup 1.0}{sub 0.9})×10{sup -3}, which agrees with theoretical estimates based on the Weinberg-Salam model, for sin{sup 2} θ{sub W} =0.23 . The present experiment is an improved version of an earlier one in which the result δ = +(5.2 ± 2.4) x 10{sup -3} was obtained.

/pdf/new-observation-of-parity-nonconservation-in-atomic-thallium-3i7qn8kz0f.pdf

New observation of parity nonconservation in atomic thallium

A detailed account is given of observations of parity nonconservation in the $6^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}7^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ transition in $_{81}^{203,205}\mathrm{Tl}$. Absorption of circularly polarized 293-nm photons by $6^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ atoms in an $E$ field results in polarization of the $7^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state through interference of the Stark $E1$ amplitude with $M1$ and parity-nonconserving $E1$ amplitudes. This polarization is detected by selective excitation of ${m}_{F}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ components of the $7^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state to the $8^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state and observation of the ensuing decay fluorescence at 323 nm. Systematic corrections due to imperfect circular polarization, misaligned $E$ fields, and residual magnetic fields are determined precisely by a series of auxiliary experiments. The result is expressed in terms of the circular dichroism ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{expt}}=+({2.8}_{\ensuremath{-}0.9}^{+1.0})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, to be compared with estimates based on the Weinberg-Salam model for ${{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}_{w}=0.23:{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{theo}}=+(2.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.

/pdf/observations-of-parity-nonconservation-in-atomic-thallium-2fze6sowi7.pdf

Observations of Parity Nonconservation in Atomic Thallium

Calculations are presented of the E1 amplitude expected in the 6 /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/-7 /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ forbidden M1 transition in Tl if parity conservation is violated in the neutral weak e-N interaction, as proposed in a number of gauge models, including that of Weinberg and Salam Valence-electron wave functions are generated as numerical solutions to the Dirac equation in a modified Tietz central potential These wave functions are used to calculate allowed E1 oscillator strengths, hfs splittings, and Stark E1 transition amplitudes These results are compared with experiment and the agreement is generally good The relativistic 6 /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/-7 /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ M1 transition amplitude M is also calculated, and corrections due to interconfiguration mixing, Breit interaction, and hfs mixing are included The result, M/sub theor/ = (-32 +- 10) x 10/sup -5/vertical-bar evertical-barh/2m/sub e/c, is in agreement with the experimental value, M/sub expt/ = (-211 +- 030) x 10/sup -5/vertical-bar evertical-barh/2m/sub e/c The parity-nonconserving E1 amplitude E/sub PN/ is calculated, and a value for the circular dichroism, delta approx = 2Im(E/sub PN,theo/)/M/sub expt/ = 26 x 10/sup -3/, is obtained Parity-nonconserving effects in other Tl transitions are discussed

Calculation of parity-nonconserving effects in the 6 /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/-7 /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ forbidden M1 transition in thallium

https://escholarship.org/content/qt3f97985f/qt3f97985f.pdf?t=p21nei

Observation of the 6 2P12−7 2P12 M1 transition in atomic thallium vapor

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Observation of the 6 2P12−7 2P12 M1 transition in atomic thallium vapor