This article presents an analysis of the evolution of international trade in animal products over the period 2000 to 2018, using customs data from the "BACI" database. Firstly, this article presents the evolution of global trade in animal products for the top five exporting countries (in decreasing order: the European Union (EU), the United States, New Zealand, Brazil and Australia) and then for the two largest importers (China and Japan). It then looks at the world trade situation for four major animal products: poultry meat, pig meat, beef and dairy products. Animal products account for 16% of world agro-food trade; this rate has remained fairly stable throughout the period. The growing imbalance between supply and demand for animal products in Asian countries, particularly in China, is stimulating international trade to the benefit of the major exporting countries. The EU is the world's leading exporter of animal products (with 21% of the total in 2018) and the fourth importer (with 6% of the total). It is in surplus in dairy products and pig meat, but in deficit (in value) in beef and poultry meat. Dairy products, which are exported by very few countries (mainly the EU, New Zealand and the United States), account for almost a third of all trade in animal products. They are thus ahead of beef (23%), pork (12%) and poultry meat (12%). Trade in live animals remains low (5%).

Review: International trade in animal products and the place of the European Union: main trends over the last 20 years.

At the international level, the dairy sector is favored by a growing demand, mainly from Asian countries, where dairy consumption per capita remains much lower than that observed in the European Union (EU) and North America. Over the last fifteen years (2000-2015), New Zealand, the country that has most benefited from the growth of international trade in dairy products, especially under the influence of whole milk powdered Chinese imports was far ahead of the USA and the EU. Despite an increase in imports, especially of cheese and butter, France has regularly improved its trade balance which reached €3.75 billion in 2015. This performance was due mainly to the dynamics of trade with the United Kingdom and China. Since 2010, the trade balance of France with non-European countries has been improving while the internal competition with the EU is becoming more difficult. For the European dairy producers, the slight decline in demand for dairy products in the EU and the rapid increase in milk production in several Member States since the abolition of milk quotas in 2015 is a real threat. This should be an additional incentive to, firstly, increase exports abroad and, secondly, better sell the wide variety of dairy products on the domestic market.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01581619/document

International, European and French trade in dairy products: trends and competitive dynamics

Over the past 100 years, the French livestock sector has experienced significant intensification that has occurred in different ways across the country. Specifically, France has changed from a homogeneous state with most of the agricultural area covered by grasslands and a uniform distribution of animals, to a heterogeneous state characterised by an uneven distribution of grasslands, livestock numbers and livestock species. Studying the dynamics of this change is fundamental to the identification of drivers that shaped the various intensification trajectories and led to these different states, as well as to the prediction of future changes. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterise the trajectories undertaken by the French livestock sector to understand the intensification process and the role of socioeconomic, land use and production-related factors. A set of 10 indicators was employed to analyse the main changes between 1938 and 2010, using principal component analysis followed by a clustering of the 88 French departments. Between 1938 and 2010, significant increases in farm size, mechanisation, labour productivity and the stocking rates of monogastrics enabled the French livestock sector to double its production. The most important changes involved mechanisation (with the number of tractors per hectare (ha) rising from 0.0012 to 0.0053), labour productivity (improving from 8.6 to 35.9 ha/worker), livestock production (e.g. milk production increasing from 758 to 1856 l/ha of fodder area) and stocking rates (rising from 0.57 to 0.98 livestock units (LU) per ha). The increased heterogeneity apparent in the patterns of change throughout France's departments was captured by clustering four trajectories. Two trajectories were formed by departments that experienced strong specialisation towards livestock production, with one type mainly orientated towards high-intensive dairy, poultry and pig landless production systems, and a second type orientated towards extensive beef grazing production systems. Another trajectory corresponded to departments that specialised in crop production with high labour productivity; mixed crop-livestock systems were still maintained at the margins of this group of departments. The fourth trajectory corresponded to the lowest livestock population and productivity levels. The increase in mechanisation during the period was important but uniform, with no significant differences between the trajectories. This typology of intensification trajectories will enable the targeting of specific areas in which the detrimental impacts of livestock intensification require mitigation and provide guidance for future livestock sector developments.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3E77FDBECC3C2168D6EC5DAA76B0094E/S1751731117003123a.pdf/div-class-title-unravelling-the-physical-technological-and-economic-factors-driving-the-intensification-trajectories-of-livestock-systems-div.pdf

Unravelling the physical, technological and economic factors driving the intensification trajectories of livestock systems.

Les productions animales representent 16 % du commerce agroalimentaire international. Le desequilibre croissant entre l’offre et la demande de produits animaux dans les pays asiatiques ou la consommation progresse, surtout en Chine, stimule les echanges au benefice des grands pays exportateurs que sont l’Union europeenne (UE), les Etats-Unis, la Nouvelle-Zelande, le Bresil et l’Australie. Si cette evolution offre des opportunites commerciales pour les pays structurellement excedentaires, les achats ne sont pas toujours reguliers d’une annee a l’autre et la concurrence par les prix est tres forte, meme si certains pays ont des exigences qualitatives. L’UE, qui est excedentaire en produits laitiers et en viande porcine, mais deficitaire (en valeur) en viande bovine et en viande de volailles, est le premier exportateur mondial de productions animales (avec 22 % du total, hors commerce intra-UE en 2016). En utilisant les donnees statistiques des douanes (BACI et COMEXT) de 2000 a 2016, cet article traite de l’evolution du commerce en productions animales. Il presente l’evolution du commerce international pour differents types de biens (produits laitiers, viande bovine, viande porcine, viande de volailles) et met en evidence les trajectoires commerciales des principaux pays deficitaires (Chine, Japon et Russie) et excedentaires (Inde, Australie, Nouvelle-Zelande, Bresil, Etats-Unis et UE).

/pdf/l-internationalisation-des-marches-en-productions-animales-2lfxldwkmj.pdf

L’internationalisation des marchés en productions animales

Specialized farms and districts generally perform poorly when assessed in terms of environmental impact or ecosystem services provision. Well-managed synergies between crop and livestock production occurring either at the farm scale or at the district scale have the potential to limit environmental problems via, for example, nutrient cycle closure and diversified crop rotations and land uses. However, there is a lack of research using empirical farm data to quantify the actual benefits or drawbacks of crop-livestock integration strategies. Therefore, a farming system approach was used in the “Crops and Animal Together” project (FP7 Project CANTOGETHER) to assess diverse strategies of crop-livestock integration at both farm (10 farms in FR, NL, IT, IE, UK) and district levels (5 districts in ES, IE, FR, NL, CH). The district-level strategies assessed were (1) local exchange of materials among farms (grain, slurry); (2) provision of high-quality forages (cooperative dehydration facility); (3) land exchange between dairy and arable farms; and (4) animal exchanges between lowland and highland regions (heifer rearing). A selection of noncooperating baseline farms (specialized and, where available, mixed) were compared with specialized cooperating farms in each district. Results confirmed that it was the physical integration and complementarity between crops and animals (e.g., home-grown feed, recycling of wastes as fertilizers), not just their coexistence, that was decisive for achieving improved environmental performance at the farm level. Unfortunately, integration at the farm level had the drawbacks of increased workload and reduced productivity and economic performance. At the district level, organization between farms through strategies such as those assessed generally improved productivity and economic performances. However, the potential ecologic benefits of cooperation at district level are restricted by a rebound effect: farmers choosing to use the resources made available via cooperation to intensify their operations as opposed to diversifying them or reducing inputs. In spite of this intensification, cooperation led to environmental benefits by increasing input use efficiency and reducing environmental impacts of farming when expressed per unit of agricultural product produced. An important finding was that territorial cooperation appeared as a key strategy to enable the farms that have implemented a high level of integration between crop and livestock to recover sufficient profitability.

Environmental Benefits of Farm- and District-Scale Crop-Livestock Integration: A European Perspective

This article aims at analyzing the recent location patterns (since 2000) of animal productions (milk, beef, pork, poultry and eggs) in the Member States of the European Union. The geographical concentration process and the productive specialization of territories are studied from the latest available statistical data at a fine geographical level. The drivers of this process are not new and have already been mentioned in many economists’ publications. They are related to  comparative advantages, scale economies and agglomeration economies as well as to the industrial organization of the supply chain. Although the environmental standards (Nitrates Directive, Natura 2000…) and the rural development measures (specific support to farmers in less-favored farming areas) are viewed as a tool to limit or reduce animal concentration, their influence is often weak and not sufficiently strong to counterbalance the above-mentioned agglomeration forces. In addition, we compared the pattern of co-location of different animal production within EU countries and the specialization structure of European regions among countries. For example, the production of granivores (pigs and poultry) tends to be located in the same geographical areas. However, association of dairy cows and pigs is the most common in the most densely populated areas. Beef cattle tend to be located in low animal density areas where other livestock have difficulty eingestablished or maintained.

/pdf/specialisation-territoriale-et-concentration-des-productions-ardq103wsw.pdf

Spécialisation territoriale et concentration des productions animales européennes : état des lieux et facteurs explicatifs

Regional specialization and concentration of European livestock: situation and explanatory factors.

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Spécialisation territoriale et concentration des productions animales européennes : état des lieux et facteurs explicatifs

Regional specialization and concentration of European livestock: situation and explanatory factors.