Cross-sectional areas of molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces

Catalysis by crystalline aluminosilicates I. Cracking of hydrocarbon types over sodium and calcium “X” zeolites

The adsorption and reactions of the four butenes on porous Vycor glass at room temperature have been studied by infrared spectroscopy. Initial adsorption was rapid and was found to perturb the surf...

An infrared study of the adsorption of butenes on surfaces of porous vycor glass

The oligomerization of Fischer−Tropsch derived olefins over amorphous silica−alumina (ASA) has been investigated with feed materials containing 1−4% oxygenates to determine the effect of the oxygenates on catalyst performance and transportation fuel quality. The main differences between the oligomerization of oxygenate-containing and oxygenate-free olefinic feeds were:  (a) higher deposition rate of carbonaceous material on the catalyst due to the carbonyls in the feed being converted to aromatic coke precursors; (b) shorter cycle length, although cycle lengths up to 8 months could be achieved with careful operation; and (c) formation of carboxylic acids from the carbonyls in the feed. Reaction over alumina and water washing were evaluated as feed pretreatment steps to reduce the oxygenate content in the feed, but neither were able to completely remove the carbonyls. All tests were done at pilot plant scale in the operating range 110−300 °C and 6 MPa.

Effect of Oxygenates on the Oligomerization of Fischer−Tropsch Olefins over Amorphous Silica−Alumina

ALTHOUGH it seems to be agreed that petroleum deposits are formed from biological organic constituents of sediments1–5, only a few of the molecular precursors of petroleum have been identified with any certainty6–8 and there has been very little progress in deciding between several possible mechanisms1,3,9–12 for the production of petroleum hydrocarbons. In particular, little attention has been directed to the study of decomposition reactions of organic species chemisorbed on mineral surfaces. Yet the fine clay particles in sediments adsorb strongly13 some of the compounds which occur in the decay of biological material, and it is known that the reaction of organic substances with mineral surfaces can contribute to rock weathering14. Moreover, the reactivity of organic compounds can be changed on adsorption by clay particles13 and this may result in preferential retention of certain classes of organic substances at mineral surfaces. Such chemisorbed radicals may account for much of the small amount of carbonaceous material in natural sediments15. The question is whether the degradation of such chemisorbed radicals may be a source, even a dominant source, of petroleum deposits.

Heterogeneous Reactions in Petroleum Genesis and Maturation

The Adsorption of Normal Olefins on Silica-Alumina Catalysts

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The Adsorption of Normal Olefins on Silica-Alumina Catalysts