Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide.

Piloting a social-ecological index for measuring flood resilience: A composite index approach

1. Fifteen years on! One hundred and fifty years on! B. R. Allanson and D. Baird 2. Geomorphology and sedimentology J. A. G. Cooper, C. I. Wright and T. R. Mason 3. Estuarine hydrodynamics E. H. Schumann, J. L. Largier and J. H. Slinger 4. Chemistry B. R. Allanson and D. Winter 5. Primary producers J. B. Adams, G. C. Bate and M. O'Callaghan 6. Mangroves T. D. Steinke 7. Estuarine zooplankton T. Wooldridge 8. Estuarine macro invertebrates C. J. De Villiers, A. N. Hodgson and A. T. Forbes 9. The Ichthyofauna A. K. Whitfield and J. F. K. Marais 10. Estuarine birds P. A. R. Hockey and J. K. Turpie 11. Estuaries as ecosystems D. Baird 12. Man and management P. D. Morant and N. W. Quinn 13. Perspectives B. R. Allanson, D. Baird and A. E. F Heydorn Index.

The estuaries of South Africa

1.
Lake St Lucia, the oldest formally protected estuary in the world is under threat from historic and present manipulation of freshwater supplies to the system.

2.
Constraints to the functioning of the ecosystem began in 1914 with the commencement of draining and canalization of the Mfolozi Swamp to open up the swamp and river floodplain for sugar cane cultivation. Warner's Drain was completed in 1936 and the sediment filtering capability of the swamp on river floodwaters was effectively removed. This resulted in exceptionally high sediment loads from the Mfolozi River entering directly into the St Lucia system and the river was therefore diverted southwards and provided with a separate estuary mouth. This deprived St Lucia of its single largest freshwater supply.

3.
During the past 50–60 years, increasing freshwater abstractions from the Mkhuze, Mzinene, Hluhluwe and Nyalazi rivers have contributed to the increasingly severe salinity extremes experienced by Lake St Lucia. In the past decade, desiccation of large areas of False Bay, North and South Lake has occurred, due primarily to natural estuary mouth closure combined with a prolonged drought and unnaturally low freshwater inflows during the closed phase. These events have pushed the system into an extreme state that has not been recorded previously and would not have occurred if Mfolozi River water had been available to the St Lucia system over this drought period.

4.
Forestry plantations have further exacerbated the freshwater supply situation, although recent removal of pine plantations on the eastern and western shores of the lake are likely to help restore groundwater flows to the system.

5.
This review explores the possibility of relinking the Mfolozi River, once the Mfolozi floodplain swamp has been re-established, to the St Lucia system, thereby bringing urgently needed fresh water to this threatened World Heritage Site. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A review of the importance of freshwater inflow to the future conservation of Lake St Lucia

There is an increasing need in assessing ecological quality and integrity of estuaries and lagoons. This chapter shows the most recent efforts in assessing individual biological elements (from phytoplankton to fishes), together with the integrative tools developed in different geographical areas worldwide. However, reducing complex information from multiple ecosystem elements to a single color or value is a substantial challenge to marine scientists, and requires the integration of different disciplines (chemists, engineers, biologists, ecologists, physics, managers, etc.), to reach agreement on the final assignment of ecological status. Hence, in the near future, emphasis needs to be directed at understanding the complexities of estuarine system functioning rather than simplifying and scaling down the system into smaller components.

/pdf/classifying-ecological-quality-and-integrity-of-estuaries-usj00elctu.pdf

Classifying Ecological Quality and Integrity of Estuaries

Effect of water temperature on the biogeography of South African estuarine fishes associated with the subtropical/warm temperate subtraction zone

The parthenogenic reproductive ability of Haemaphysalis longicornis, facilitating quick life cycle completion and rapid geographic spread and its pathogen vector potential make infestations a risk to human and canine health. Two 90-day studies were initiated to evaluate the efficacy of a single fluralaner administration for the treatment and prevention of H. longicornis infestations on dogs.Dogs were randomly assigned (10 dogs/group) to either an untreated control group or a group treated once (Day 0) with 13.64% w/w fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto®) at the minimum label dose rate of 25 mg/kg. Each dog was infested with approximately 50 H. longicornis ticks on Days -9 or -6 and on Days -2, 28, 58 and 88. A different US tick isolate was used in each study. Tick counts were completed on Days -7 or -4, 2, 30, 60 and 90. The primary efficacy criterion was a 90% reduction in arithmetic mean tick counts between the treated and control groups. For between-group comparisons at any assessment, at least six control dogs were required to retain at least 25% of the infestation dose (13 live ticks).Pre-study infestations demonstrated susceptibility of all study dogs to challenge with H. longicornis. At each subsequent assessment in both studies, at least seven untreated control dogs retained ≥ 25% of the challenge, demonstrating adequate infestations for each efficacy calculation. On Days 2, 30, 60 and 90 the mean live tick infestation rate (number of ticks recovered from each dog/infesting challenge of each dog) of untreated control dogs ranged from 27.8 to 60.8%. No live ticks, free or attached, were found on any fluralaner-treated dog in either study. Between-group differences were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.0002) at each assessment.At the minimum recommended label dose rate of 25 mg/kg, fluralaner chewable tablets were 100% effective in eliminating H. longicornis ticks from dogs infested at the time of treatment. Complete efficacy against both US isolates of this tick was maintained through 90 days following a single treatment. Therefore, fluralaner is a treatment of choice for protecting dogs against this invasive tick species. 

/pdf/efficacy-of-fluralaner-chewable-tablets-bravecto-r-against-99ihhivh.pdf

Efficacy of fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto®) against Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) infestations of dogs

The invasive tick species, Haemaphysalis longicornis, is becoming established in the USA, presenting a growing threat to dogs and cats. Two 90-day studies were initiated, the same protocol in each, to confirm the efficacy of a single application of two fluralaner formulations against H. longicornis infestations of cats.Cats were randomized among three groups in a 1:1:1 ratio (10 cats/group). Group 1 cats were untreated controls; Group 2 cats were treated with a topical fluralaner formulation (Bravecto®); Group 3 cats received a topical formulation containing fluralaner and moxidectin (Bravecto® Plus). Treatments were administered once (Day 0) at the label dose rates. Each cat was infested with 50 H. longicornis ticks on Day 7 for study qualification and also infested with 50 ticks on Days 2, 28, 58 and 88. Tick counts were completed on Days 5, 2, 30, 60 and 90. The primary objective was based on percentage reductions in arithmetic mean tick counts.Pre-study infestations showed all study cats were susceptible to tick challenge. Except for Day 2 in one study, at least six control cats retained ≥ 25% of each challenge, demonstrating an adequate infestation for efficacy assessments. Across studies on Days 2, 30, 60 and 90, the mean live tick infestation rate (number of ticks recovered from each cat/infesting challenge to each cat) of Group 1 cats ranged from 25.0 to 69.6%. Efficacy of each formulation, based on live tick counts, was 100% on Day 2 and > 95 to 100% at each subsequent assessment. Between-group differences were statistically significant (P < 0.0001) for each treatment versus control comparison.At the label dose rate, both topical fluralaner formulations were 100% effective in eliminating H. longicornis ticks from cats infested at the time of treatment. Efficacy of > 95 to 100% was then maintained through 90 days following a single application. Fluralaner is therefore a treatment of choice for protecting cats against this invasive tick species. 

/pdf/efficacy-of-two-topical-fluralaner-formulations-bravecto-r-1sjkth8g.pdf

Efficacy of two topical fluralaner formulations (Bravecto®; Bravecto® Plus) against Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) infestations of cats

/pdf/publisher-correction-efficacy-of-two-topical-fluralaner-29hdndjt.pdf

Publisher Correction: Efficacy of two topical fluralaner formulations (Bravecto®; Bravecto® Plus) against Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis) infestations of cats

Prioritisation of South African estuaries based on their potential importance to estuarine-associated fish species

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