The Quaternary deposits and landforms of Scotland and the neighbouring shelves: A review

Synopsis Only two interglacial pollen sites are known in Scotland, both in Shetland. There is at present no satisfactory evidence that the decay of the last ice-sheet was interrupted by a significant readvance. Decay was probably complete by 12 500. The Loch Lomond Readvance, which probably began before 10 800, is associated with excellent end moraines (often, significantly, multiple) at more than 100 locations. Former firn lines can be calculated and palaeoclimatic inferences made. The mapped limit of the readvance accords with the distribution of 58 lateglacial pollen sites. Periglacial processes currently operate on the Scottish mountains but were extremely active during the Loch Lomond Readvance, when permafrost (with frost wedges) existed down to sea-level. A summary of the sequence of lateglacial and postglacial sea-level changes (especially in the southeast) includes re-dating of the low-level rock platform and cliff of western Scotland and leads to an unconventional mode of deglaciation for the Glasgow area.

The Quaternary in Scotland: a review

The Late Devensian periglaciation of upland Scotland

A new approach to lichenometry, based on large samples of the single largest lichen on each boulder, is presented. On surfaces of uniform age, lichen sizes measured in this way are near normally distributed, so the mean value can be used in constructing lichenometric-dating curves. By combining mean values from several sites, statistically defined confidence limits can be assigned to predicted dates. In a pilot study, dates obtained for 'Little Ice Age' moraines of two glaciers in southern Norway are consistent with those obtained using other approaches. Unlike standard lichenometry, the new approach can be used to investigate the age-frequency of boulders on diachronous surfaces formed by continuous or periodic accretion or disturbance. It has been used successfully to access the record of late-Holocene snow avalanche activity retained on avalanche boulder ramparts in upper Jostedalen, western Norway. Pilot studies are also presented of its use on a talus slope, solifluction lobes and periglacial pattern...

A new approach to lichenometry: dating single-age and diachronous surfaces:

Lichenometric and weathering-based techniques are employed in an investigation of the chronology of large-scale sorted circles in Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Comparison of diameter measurements of Rhizocarpon geographicum agg. with local growth curves, and size-frequency analysis of lichen population data, indicate that all the sorted circles originated prior to the mid-eighteenth century 'Little Ice Age' maximum. Parts of the circle borders appear to have been stable since before the twelfth century, although minor disturbances to border clasts were widespread between about AD 1640 and 1740. Large proportions of the smaller surface clasts in circle centres have stabilized only since the 'Little Ice Age' maximum. The thickness of surface weathering rinds and measurements of rock surface hardness (R-values obtained using a Schmidt hammer) indicate long periods of clast exposure in circle borders (at least 1500 years at some sites) and shorter exposure times for central clasts. Despite difficulties in inf...

Sorted circles, relative-age dating and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in an alpine periglacial environment, eastern Jotunheimen, Norway: lichenometric and weathering-based approaches

Measurements of widths, diameters and boulder sizes of patterned ground in the Cairngorm Mountains indicate two sorts of stripes and polygons (fine and coarse). Pipkrake and boulder-inclination observations and measurements suggest that fine polygons are produced by heave and their sizes are dependent upon the frequency of boulders large enough to be resistant to heave, which in turn depends upon climatic severity. The lack of orientation, angle of boulder inclination, hemispherical shape, high relative size dispersion and lithological dependence of coarse polygons indicate a selective weathering origin. The frequency of low inclination of boulders in stripes suggests an origin due to solifluction, whereby large immobile or relatively slower-moving boulders impede soil (and smaller boulder) movements and control stripe spacing. Movement observation and lichenometry indicate that fine polygons and stripes and bare coarse polygons are active at the present time and that coarse stripes and vegetated coarse polygons probably date from the Little Ice Age.

/pdf/boulder-polygons-and-stripes-in-the-cairngorm-mountains-43ytstsxes.pdf

Boulder Polygons and Stripes in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland

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Boulder Polygons and Stripes in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland