Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source that can be found in abundance on our planet. Only a small fraction of it is currently converted to electrical power, though in recent years installed geothermal capacity has increased considerably all over the world. This review focuses on Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), which represent a path for turning the enormous resources provided by geothermal energy into electricity for human consumption efficiently and on a large scale. The paper presents a general overview of this ever-expanding technology from its origins to the current state of the art. The Geodynamics plant in Habanero (Australia), which started up on 2 May 2013, is the first privately-run commercial EGS plant to produce electricity on a large scale. Thanks to the technological development of EGS in recent years, the future looks bright for such plants in the decades to come.

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS): A review

A review of mechanical models of dike propagation: Schools of thought, results and future directions

An investigation of stimulation mechanisms in Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Analysis of induced seismicity in geothermal reservoirs – An overview

Contribution of the exploration of deep crystalline fractured reservoir of Soultz to the knowledge of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)

SUMMARY

A high-rate injection of 20 000 m3 of water into granite between 2.8 and 3.4 km depth at the Soultz hot dry rock (HDR) test site in France in 1993 September led to a 200-fold increase in borehole transmissivity and produced a subvertical cloud of microseismicity of dimensions 0.5 km wide, 1.2 km long, 1.5 km high and oriented 25°NW. The resulting data set is unusually complete and well suited to studying permeability creation/enhancement processes in crystalline rock and the utility of microseismic data for revealing them. Although the microseismic cloud defined using joint hypocentre determination (JHD) locations was diffuse and showed little structure, application of the collapsing method showed it to be composed largely of discrete tubes and planes that propagated coherently. One prominent structure that extended 350 m downwards from the vicinity of a flow inlet early in the injection and that appears to contain a major flow path was subjected to detailed investigation to establish its hydrogeologic nature and the mechanisms underpinning its inferred permeability enhancement. High-resolution microseismic mapping techniques (i.e. multiplets and clustering) showed it to be a subvertical, NNW–SSE striking, fracture zone of width 10–20 m. The strike and scale of the structure identifies it as a member of a family of hydrothermally altered, cataclastic shear structures that constitute the primary permeable paths for fluid migration within the rock mass, both under ambient and forced fluid flow conditions. The microseismicity occurred on subvertical, small-scale fractures within the cataclastic shear zone whose azimuths scatter within 22° of parallel to the parent structure. Although the structure is likely to have been naturally permeable to some degree, its permeability appears to have been significantly enhanced as a consequence of the injection. The most likely mechanism of permeability enhancement, which is in accord with the strong preference for the microseismicity to grow downwards, involves strike-slip shearing, which produced the opening of vertical tubes at along-strike jogs in the fault (the so-called Hill mesh). Seismic moment release averaged over the structure suggests shear displacements of at least 0.3 mm occurred, which are sufficient to generate aperture changes that are hydraulically significant. The preponderance of discrete structures within the microseismic cloud after collapsing suggests that significant flow and permeability enhancement (i.e. stimulation) within the rock mass is largely confined to the interiors of shear zones that appear to have a spacing of approximately 100 m.

/pdf/microseismicity-and-permeability-enhancement-of-4cwt9dgiqs.pdf

Microseismicity and permeability enhancement of hydrogeologic structures during massive fluid injections into granite at 3 km depth at the Soultz HDR site

Pore-pressure of seismically activated fractures during hydraulic stimulation of geothermal reservoir at Soultz HDR field, France is estimated based on the high-resolution mapping method of induced microseismic events. The microseismic events with similar waveforms are analyzed, and the seismically activated fracture planes are estimated using the precise source locations determined by the multipletclustering analysis. The tectonic stress measured by hydraulic fracturing method in borehole is introduced into calculation of critical pore-pressure for frictional shear slip of fractures according to Coulomb's law. The estimated critical pore-pressure suggests that the fluid pressure in pre-existing fractures are higher value near the permeable fracture zones in the well, and declines as the fractures are away from the zones.

Estimation of critical pore pressure for shear slip of fractures at the soultz hot dry rock geothermal reservoir using microseismic multiplets

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Microseismicity and permeability enhancement of hydrogeologic structures during massive fluid injections into granite at 3 km depth at the Soultz HDR site

Estimation of critical pore pressure for shear slip of fractures at the soultz hot dry rock geothermal reservoir using microseismic multiplets