As the only method for all-weather, all-time and long-distance target detection and recognition, radar has been intensively studied since it was invented, and is considered as an essential sensor for future intelligent society. In the past few decades, great efforts were devoted to improving radar's functionality, precision, and response time, of which the key is to generate, control and process a wideband signal with high speed. Thanks to the broad bandwidth, flat response, low loss transmission, multidimensional multiplexing, ultrafast analog signal processing and electromagnetic interference immunity provided by modern photonics, implementation of the radar in the optical domain can achieve better performance in terms of resolution, coverage, and speed which would be difficult (if not impossible) to implement using traditional, even state-of-the-art electronics. In this tutorial, we overview the distinct features of microwave photonics and some key microwave photonic technologies that are currently known to be attractive for radars. System architectures and their performance that may interest the radar society are emphasized. Emerging technologies in this area and possible future research directions are discussed.

/pdf/microwave-photonic-radars-1mv4ppmi12.pdf

Microwave Photonic Radars

We demonstrate passive large-scale nanophotonic phased arrays in a CMOS-compatible silicon photonic platform. Silicon nitride waveguides are used to allow for higher input power and lower phase variation compared to a silicon-based distribution network. A phased array at an infrared wavelength of 1550 nm is demonstrated with an ultra-large aperture size of 4  mm×4  mm, achieving a record small and near diffraction-limited spot size of 0.021°×0.021° with a side lobe suppression of 10 dB. A main beam power of 400 mW is observed. Using the same silicon nitride platform and phased array architecture, we also demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first large-aperture visible nanophotonic phased array at 635 nm with an aperture size of 0.5  mm×0.5  mm and a spot size of 0.064°×0.074°.

Large-scale silicon nitride nanophotonic phased arrays at infrared and visible wavelengths.

Silicon photonic devices and integrated circuits have undergone rapid and significant progresses during the last decade, transitioning from research topics in universities to product development in corporations. Silicon photonics is anticipated to be a disruptive optical technology for data communications, with applications such as intra-chip interconnects, short-reach communications in datacenters and supercomputers, and long-haul optical transmissions. Bell Labs, as the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent, a network system vendor, has an optimal position to identify the full potential of silicon photonics both in the applications and in its technical merits. Additionally it has demonstrated novel and improved high-performance optical devices, and implemented multi-function photonic integrated circuits to fulfill various communication applications. In this paper, we review our silicon photonic programs and main achievements during recent years. For devices, we review highperformance single-drive push-pull silicon Mach-Zehnder modulators, hybrid silicon/III-V lasers and silicon nitrideassisted polarization rotators. For photonic circuits, we review silicon/silicon nitride integration platforms to implement wavelength-division multiplexing receivers and transmitters. In addition, we show silicon photonic circuits are well suited for dual-polarization optical coherent transmitters and receivers, geared for advanced modulation formats. We also discuss various applications in the field of communication which may benefit from implementation in silicon photonics.

/pdf/silicon-photonic-devices-and-integrated-circuits-6wohukuihl.pdf

Silicon photonic devices and integrated circuits

Fiber-optic multi-band transmission (MBT) aims at exploiting the low-loss spectral windows of single-mode fibers (SMFs) for data transport, expanding by $\sim\!11\times$ the available bandwidth of C-band line systems and by $\sim\!5\times$ C+L-band line systems’. MBT offers a high potential for cost-efficient throughput upgrades of optical networks, even in absence of available dark-fibers, as it utilizes more efficiently the existing infrastructures. This represents the main advantage compared to approaches such as multi-mode/-core fibers or spatial division multiplexing. Furthermore, the industrial trend is clear: the first commercial C $+$ L-band systems are entering the market and research has moved toward the neighboring S-band. This article discusses the potential and challenges of MBT covering the ITU-T optical bands O  $\rightarrow$  L. MBT performance is assessed by addressing the generalized SNR (GSNR) including both the linear and non-linear fiber propagation effects. Non-linear fiber propagation is taken into account by computing the generated non-linear interference by using the generalized Gaussian-noise (GGN) model, which takes into account the interaction of non-linear fiber propagation with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and in general considers wavelength-dependent fiber parameters. For linear effects, we hypothesize typical components’ figures and discussion on components’ limitations, such as transceivers,’ amplifiers’ and filters’ are not part of this work. We focus on assessing the transmission throughput that is realistic to achieve by using feasible multi-band components without specific optimizations and implementation discussion. So, results are meant to address the potential throughput scaling by turning-on excess fiber transmission bands. As transmission fiber, we focus exclusively on the ITU-T G.652.D, since it is the most widely deployed fiber type worldwide and the mostly suitable to multi-band transmission, thanks to its ultra-wide low-loss single-mode high-dispersion spectral region. Similar analyses could be carried out for other single-mode fiber types. We estimate a total single-fiber throughput of 450 Tb/s over a distance of 50 km and 220 Tb/s over regional distances of 600 km: $\sim\!10\times$ and 8× more than C-band transmission respectively and $\sim\!2.5\times$ more than full C+L.

/pdf/assessment-on-the-achievable-throughput-of-multi-band-itu-t-3pzsws2gsm.pdf

Assessment on the Achievable Throughput of Multi-Band ITU-T G.652.D Fiber Transmission Systems

We review and present additional results from our work on multilayer silicon nitride (SiN) on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated photonic platforms over the telecommunication wavelength bands near 1550 and 1310 nm. SiN-on-SOI platforms open the possibility for passive optical functionalities implemented in the SiN layer to be combined with active functionalities in the SOI. SiN layers can be integrated onto SOI using a front-end or back-end of line integration process flow. These photonic platforms support low-loss SiN waveguides, low-loss and low-crosstalk waveguide crossings, and low-loss interlayer transitions using adiabatic tapers. Novel ultra-broadband and efficient grating couplers as well as polarization management devices are enabled by the close coupling between the silicon and SiN layers.

Multilayer Silicon Nitride-on-Silicon Integrated Photonic Platforms and Devices

We demonstrate a coherent modulator and a receiver based on monolithically-integrated silicon photonic circuits, capable of modulating and detecting 224-Gb/s polarization-division-multiplexed 16-QAM The high-degree photonic integration promises small-form-factor and low-power transceivers for future coherent systems

224-Gb/s PDM-16-QAM modulator and receiver based on silicon photonic integrated circuits

We demonstrate a silicon photonics coherent transceiver in a ball-grid-array package. It can be handled like a conventional surface-mount-technology component, surviving pick-and-place and 260° C reflow. It saves cost, size and provides enhanced thermals and bandwidth.

Silicon photonics coherent transceiver in a ball-grid array package

We describe component and module performances of our silicon based photonic integrated circuits developed for 100G to 400G coherent transponders.

Silicon photonics for 100G-and-beyond coherent transmissions

We demonstrate real-time transmission of 16 Tb/s (80x200Gb/s) over 1020km TeraWave ULL fiber with 170km span length using the world's first 200Gb/s CFP2-DCO module with a record low power consumption less than 0.1W/Gbps.

Real-time transmission of 16 Tb/s over 1020km using 200Gb/s CFP2-DCO.

Real-time Transmission of Single-Carrier 400 Gb/s and 600 Gb/s 64QAM over 200km-Span Link

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