Salinity stress is one of the most vital abiotic stresses which results in significant damages of agricultural production, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Salinity causes by high accumulation of soluble salt, especially NaCl in soil and water. Salinity hampers the growth and survival of many field crops such as rice, wheat, maize, cotton, sugarcane, and sorghum. It affects the plant growth by three ways such as osmotic stress linked with an increase of phytotoxic ions, ionic stress e in the cytosol, and oxidative stress facilitated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These stresses caused by salinity hinder the water uptake, causes ion imbalance, ROS production, and hormonal imbalance, and results in the decline of photosynthesis activities reduce the plant growth and final yield. However, the sensitivity of field crops depends on the nature of cultivar and growth stages. There are many strategies to cope with salinity stress which are the development of salinity tolerant crop cultivators by using genetic and molecular techniques such as QTLs and CRISPR CAS9 technique, nutrients management strategies, use of hormones regulators (AVG, 1-MCP, D-31). This chapter will give a brief idea to the scientist to understand the effects of salinity on field crops and their management strategies.

/pdf/salinity-stress-in-arid-and-semi-arid-climates-effects-and-fkeizjv4yy.pdf

Salinity Stress in Arid and Semi-Arid Climates: Effects and Management in Field Crops

In the recent scenario of global warming and climate change, numerous biotic and abiotic stresses inhibit crop growth and development and finally lead to reduced crop productivity. When it comes to overcoming biotic and abiotic constraints for sustainable agriculture, nanotechnology is gradually gaining its position over other approaches. Silicon (Si), one of nature's most beneficial metalloids, provides ameliorative effects against issues related to the environment. Due to their remarkable chemical and optoelectronic properties, silicon/silica nanoparticles (Si/SiO2 NPs) have drawn particular attention. Researchers have found it to be particularly appealing due to its mesoporous structure, ease of nutrient availability, and low biological toxicity. Plants can be supplied with SiNPs through foliar, soil, or seed priming after being synthesized using chemical, physical, or biological techniques. Subsequently, the application and delivery of SiNPs to their target cells exhibit optimal growth, development, and tolerance to environmental stresses, pest attack, and pathogen infection. Compared to synthetic pesticides, SiNPs prevent environmental pollution and risk to non-target organisms. The use of SiNPs in agriculture provides an ecologically and inexpensive solution for sustainability, as they facilitate the uptake of nutrients by plants, helping them to overcome biotic and abiotic stress, and primarily improving plant resistance. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects of SiNPs on plants, their application in different crops, translocation, enhanced crop productivity, interaction with rhizospheric microbiome, and management of insect pests and disease. 

Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs): Challenges and perspectives for sustainable agriculture

The effect of zinc, molybdenum and urea has been studied on plant height (cm), number of productive branches, number of leaves, leaf area (sq.cm.), fresh weight (g), dry weight (g), number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant and 1000 seeds weight (g) (Test weight) of mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Var. Pant Mung-4 and Narendra-1. The experiment was conducted at Meerut College, Meerut (U.P.) during the years 2011-2012. Randomised Block Design was followed with 4 replications and 11 treatments. The doses of zinc were 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm. The concentrations of molybdenum were 1, 2, 3 and 5 ppm and of urea were 1 and 2 per cent along with control. The results were found significant of both varieties of mungbean.

Effect of zinc, molybdenum and urea on growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

 A few commercial sugarcane genotypes were subjected to salinity stress at various growth phases of sugarcane to ascertain the critical growth stage for salinity stress and to assess the response of the genotypes. All the data were recorded and analysed during maturity phase. The salt treatments drastically reduced SPAD chlorophyll, chlorophyll fluorescence, RWC, stalk height, weight and other yield parameters in a few genotypes during T2 (salt treatment given during formative phase) & T5 (salt treatment given throughout crop cycle) but a few genotypes which are tolerant towards salt stress gave better results comparing other genotypes. The ions like sodium, potassium and chloride were analysed in the juice which showed higher elevation in the genotype Co 97010. Among the genotypes, Co 85019 and Co 99004 recorded significantly prime compared to rest of the genotypes. Treatment throughout the growth phases (T5) followed by stress at formative phase (T2) were found to be critical for growth, physiological and yield responses in all the genotypes.

/pdf/the-response-of-sugarcane-genotypes-subjected-to-salinity-41s9wppxj2.pdf

The RESPONSE OF SUGARCANE GENOTYPES SUBJECTED TO SALINITY STRESS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH PHASES

Areal cultivation of sugarcane in Indonesia is expanded to soil with high salt content. There is an urgent need to find an appropriate soil amendment fertilizer to minimize negative effect of saline soil on sugarcane growth. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of vermicompost and nitrogen on N, K and Na uptakes and growth of sugarcane grown in saline soil. The treatments consisted of three rates of vermicompost (equivalent to 0, 10, 20 t/ha) and three rates of nitrogen fertilizer (equivalent to 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha). Nine combinations of treatments were arranged in randomized block design with four replicates. Sugarcane commercial variety of ‘Bululawang (BL)’ was planted for 4 months in soil with Electrical Conductivity (EC) of 4.12 dS/m. Results showed that interaction between vermicompost and nitrogen fertilizer rate increased N, K uptakes and growth of sugarcane in saline soil. Addition amount of vermicompost and nitrogen reduced soil EC and Na/K ratio uptake of sugarcane. In this study, addition of 20 t vermicompost together with 50 kg N/ha induced sugarcane production with the highest biomass during 4 month planted in saline soil.

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/2364/1211

Effect of Vermicompost and Nitrogen on N, K, Na Uptakes and Growth of Sugarcane in Saline Soil

Abstract The decline of soil nutrient status and productivity of crops, and restoration of soil health is a key global concern. Crop yields are reduced by soil degradation, which endangers the world's food supply. Crop yields and soil health are further decreased by improper fertilizers use in conjunction with intense cropping. A wide variety of plants, particularly monocotyledonous crops can collect significant levels of silicon in their organs showing the benefits of silicon in terms of growth, biomass, and yield, whereas most dicots are unable to accumulate enough Si under their epidermal system. In the present investigation, treatment of applying silica solubilizer at a rate of 12.5 kg with 50 kg FYM/ha in soil with sett treatment of 0.5% K 2 SiO 3 ,2.5% urea and potash foliar spray in a specified time showed a significant result in all the growth and yield parameters tested when plant and its ratoon were in drought condition. 

/pdf/potential-applications-of-silicate-solubilizing-bacteria-and-sp51r2ag.pdf

Potential Applications of Silicate Solubilizing Bacteria and Potassium Silicate on Sugarcane Crop under Drought Condition

A hydroponical experiment was conducted to assess salt stress responses of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) var. CoC 671 and CoC 24 to evaluate the possible interaction of various level of salinity (0, 150, 200 mM NaCl) and its impact on growth parameters viz., shoot length, root length, root volume, leaf area and also the physiological parameters viz., chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, relative water content, nitrate reductase activity, proline content and catalase. With increase in NaCl concentration of the shoot length, root length and leaf area decreased in both varieties CoC 671 and Co C 24, when compared to control. Total chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, relative water content and nitrate reductase activity also decreased drastic all under NaCl stress than control. The antioxidant enzyme catalase and the amino acid proline content were found to be increased in CoC 671 and CoC 24 than control. In this study, it was observed that CoC 24 displayed higher tolerance to NaCl than CoC 671.

Differential responses of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genotypes under salt stress condition.

India is the second largest country in sugarcane production in the world and it is the major source of sugar and varied raw materials for sugar industries and other allied by-product industries. Being a C4 crop, sugarcane had high potential of accumulating higher biomass up to 381 t/ha and sugar content up to 14.5 %. It also produces 10 to 12 t of dry leaves/ha during 5 th and 7 th months manually to carry out varied intercultural operations and to reduce the pest incidence like scales and mealy bugs [5] .Cane trash International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 11 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Effect of Sugarcane Trash Biochar on Enhancement of Soil Health and Sugarcane Productivity

Sugarcane is an important cash crop & plays an important role in the country's Agricultural economy. But day by day due to various reasons sugarcane productivity is going down, on the other side, production cost is increasing heavily due to increase in fertilizer cost, Labour cost, electricity charges, etc. Deteriorating soil health is also one of the concerns of low cane yields. Sugarcane is silicon (Si) accumulating crop and responds International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 11 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Study of Potassium Silicate and Silica Solubilizing Bacteria and its Impact on Yield and Quality of Sugarcane under Water Stress Condition

Physiological manipulation for yield improvement in blackgram (Vigna radiata L.) through foliar sprays of chemicals and plant growth regulator.

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