The paper reports results of studies conducted to improve scintillation performance of plastic scintillators capable of neutron/gamma pulse-shape discrimination (PSD). Compositional modifications made with the polymer matrix improved physical stability, allowing for increased loads of the primary dye that, in combination with selected secondary dyes, provided enhanced PSD especially important for the lower energy ranges. Additional measurements were made with a newly-introduced PSD plastic EJ-276, that replaces the first commercially produced EJ-299. Comparative studies conducted with the new materials and EJ-309 liquids at large scale (up to 10 cm) show that current plastics may provide scintillation and PSD performance sufficient for the replacement of liquid scintillators. Comparison to stilbene single crystals compliments the information about the status of the solid-state materials recently developed for fast neutron detection applications.

Recent developments in plastic scintillators with pulse shape discrimination


 Since the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS
 experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This
 paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third
 data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in
 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new
 powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The
 electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon
 electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations
 were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The
 precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity
 detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial
 improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and
 computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid
 CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger.

pdf/exploiting-cloze-questions-for-few-shot-text-classification-4zrm7sy4k7.pdf

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

Two circular Al0.6Ga0.4As p-i-n 2 μm i layer spectroscopic x-ray avalanche photodiodes (one 200 μm diameter and one 400 μm diameter) were made from a structure produced by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. The capacitances and currents of the detectors as functions of applied bias were measured, and 55Fe x-ray (Mn Kα = 5.9 keV; Mn Kβ = 6.49 keV) spectra were accumulated at 20 ◦C (293 K). Improved energy resolutions (measured as the full width at half maximum of the 5.9 keV peak) with increased applied reverse bias were observed with both detectors. In part, the improvement was attributed to avalanche multiplication. Energy resolutions of 630 eV ± 40 eV and 730 eV ± 50 eV were achieved with the 200 μm detector at an applied reverse bias of 38 V and the 400 μm detector at an applied reverse bias of 40 V, respectively. It is the first time Al0.6Ga0.4As has been demonstrated as capable of photon counting x-ray spectrometry. Measurements to determine the average electron-hole pair creation energy in Al0.6Ga0.4As were made; the results suggested a value of 4.97 eV ± 0.12 eV at 25 ◦C ± 1 ◦C (298 K ± 1 K). This value was then used to refine the apparent relationship between bandgap energy and electron-hole pair creation energy as defined by the Bertuccio–Maiocchi–Barnett relationship. AlxGa1-xAs x-ray photodiodes of this type are anticipated to be of benefit for future space missions, including those to explore the surfaces of the inner planets (e.g. Mercury and Venus) and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6641/ab9f8e/pdf

Al0.6Ga0.4As x-ray avalanche photodiodes for spectroscopy

Preliminary evidence on the long-run trajectory of the accelerator industry suggests that it may be close to the maturity phase of its cycle. If this is the case, how can we measure the benefits of an uncertain breakthrough in acceleration technology? Who are the main stakeholders interested by such a breakthrough? We identify these subjects and sketch some avenues for answering these questions. We thus present a model for the social Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) of research infrastructures and illustrate the results of its implementation for assessing the benefits of accelerators in basic science and hadrontherapy. Lastly, we move from the social CBA of single research infrastructures to modeling a major change in the accelerator technology and hence in the industry. A research agenda on the potential impacts of a technological breakthrough is presented.

The socio-economic impact of a breakthrough in the particle accelerators’ technology: A research agenda

In recent computed tomography (CT) reconstruction, iterative methods have been often used owing to the potential to provide three-dimensional (3D) images of superior reconstruction quality to common filtered-backprojection (FBP)-based methods. However, these methods require enormous computational cost in the iterative process, which has still been an obstacle to put them to practical use. In this work, to overcome these difficulties, we propose a new cone-beam CT reconstruction with a dual-resolution voxelization strategy for a small region-of-interest (ROI) reconstruction in which the voxels outside the target ROI are binned by, for example, 2 × 2 × 2, 4 × 4 × 4, 8 × 8 × 8, etc., while the other voxels remain unbinned. We considered a compressed-sensing (CS)-based algorithm with a dual regularization strategy, rather than common FBP-based methods, for more accurate CT reconstruction. We implemented the proposed CS-based algorithm and performed a systematic simulation and experiment. Our results indicate that the proposed method seems to be effective for reducing computational cost considerably in iterative CT reconstruction, keeping the reconstruction quality inside the target ROI not much degraded.

A New Voxelization Strategy in Compressed-Sensing (CS)-Based Iterative CT Reconstruction for Reducing Computational Cost: Simulation and Experimental Studies

A new muon reconstruction algorithm is introduced at the CMS experiment. This algorithm reconstructs muons using only the central tracker and the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC). The aim of this work is to study how a muon reconstructed only with tracker and RPC information would perform compared to the standard muon reconstruction of the CMS detector. The efficiencies to reconstruct and identify a RPC muon with a transverse momentum greater than 20 GeV/c are measured. The probabilities to misidentify hadrons as muons at low transverse momentum are also reported. These probabilities are compared to the standard muon identification used at CMS.

/pdf/cms-rpc-tracker-muon-reconstruction-2vxtca2tv7.pdf

CMS RPC tracker muon reconstruction

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CMS RPC tracker muon reconstruction