The distribution, systematics and ecology of Bactrocera tryoni, the Queensland fruit fly, are reviewed. Bactrocera tryoni is a member of the B. tryoni complex of species, which currently includes four named species, viz. B. tryoni ssp., B. neohumeralis, B. melas and B. aquilonis. The species status of B. melas and B. aquilonis is unclear (they may be junior synonyms of B. tryoni) and their validity, or otherwise, needs to be confirmed as a matter of urgency. While Queensland fruit fly is regarded as a tropical species, it cannot be assumed that its distribution will spread further south under climate change scenarios. Increasing aridity and hot dry summers, as well as more complex, indirect interactions resulting from elevated CO2, make predicting the future distribution and abundance of B. tryoni difficult. The ecology of B. tryoni is reviewed with respect to current control approaches (with the exception of sterile insect technique (SIT) which is covered in a companion paper). We conclude that there are major gaps in the knowledge required to implement most noninsecticide-based management approaches. Priority areas for future research include host–plant interactions, protein and cue-lure foraging and use, spatial dynamics, development of new monitoring tools, investigating the use of natural enemies and better integration of fruit flies into general horticultural IPM systems.

The ecology of Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae): what do we know to assist pest management?

The rise and demise of control options for fruit fly in Australia

Modelling the population dynamics of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera (Dacus) tryoni: a cohort-based approach incorporating the effects of weather

Area-wide management of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Central Burnett district of Queensland, Australia

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent, in our opinion, one of the best study systems any
researcher can find. These insects are well suited for interspecific comparisons, field and laboratory
studies, and studies under seminatural conditions. Since adults of many species are relatively easy
to obtain, there is no difficulty in quantifying their behavior and performing long-term studies on
marked individuals. In addition, some species in the subfamilies Dacinae and Trypetinae are
notorious pests. This combination of features has motivated entomologists worldwide to study this
group for more than a century. Species such asRhagoletis pomonella(Walsh),R. cerasi(L.),Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann),Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel), B. oleae(Rossi), B. cucurbitae(Coquillett), B. tryoni(Froggatt), Anastrepha ludens(Loew), A. obliqua(Macquart), andA. suspensa(Loew) have been the subject of important studies on basic biology, ecology, evolution of animal-plant
interactions, sexual selection, and speciation (work reviewed by Baker et al. 1944; Christenson and
Foote 1960; Bateman 1972; Bush 1974; Bateman et al. 1976; Boller and Prokopy 1976; Boller and
Chambers 1977b; Burk 1981; Prokopy 1977; 1980; 1982; Zwolfer 1983; 1988; Freidberg 1984a;
Fletcher 1987; Drew 1987; Aluja 1994; Headrick and Goeden 1998; also see reviews in this volume
by Aluja et al., Chapter 15; Drew and Romig, Chapter 21; Eberhard, Chapter 18; Headrick and
Goeden, Chapter 25; Prokopy and Papaj, Chapter 10; and Yuval and Hendrichs, Chapter 17).

Behavior of Tephritid Flies: A Historical Perspective

Mark-release-recapture studies with laboratory-reared irradiated Dacus tryoni (Froggatt) were undertaken in summer in south-eastern Australia. These showed that flies can disperse up to 94 km, almost four times the furthest distance recorded previously for this species. Most recaptures beyond 6 km were east of the point of release. Several distant traps each caught more than one fly, indicating that the flies moved together over long distances. This suggests that mating could occur and that new infestations could result from the long-distance migration of adults.

Dispersal of Irradiated Queensland Fruit-Flies, Dacus-Tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera, Tephritidae), in Southeastern Australia

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Dispersal of Irradiated Queensland Fruit-Flies, Dacus-Tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera, Tephritidae), in Southeastern Australia