The goal of this study was to investigate the structure and optical properties of the prepared PVC/NiO nanocomposites. The samples were characterized via XRD, TEM, SEM, and UV–Vis spectrophotometer experimental measurements. The partial crystal structure of PVC/NiO nanocomposites and cubic structure of NiO nanoparticles were explored by X-ray diffraction. SEM exhibited the good distribution of the nanoparticles in PVC films. Linear optical parameters: refractive index and normalized absorption, increased whenever transmission and reflection reduced by adding NiO nanoparticles. Direct and indirect optical band gaps were obtained from Tauc’s formula, and it was found that both direct and indirect optical band gaps decrease as more NiO nanoparticles added. The direct optical band gap decreases from 5.20 to 5.15 eV. The optical conductivity increased by increasing the content of NiO nanoparticles. The dispersion parameters: oscillator energy $$E_{0}$$
 , dispersion energy $$E_{\text{d}}$$
 , plasma angular frequency $$w_{\text{p}}$$
 , optical momentum of dispersion $$M_{ - 1}$$
 and $$M_{ - 3}$$
 , and static refractive index, were calculated by using Wemple and DiDominco model. The nonlinear optical susceptibility $$x^{(3)}$$
 and nonlinear refractive index $$n_{2}$$
 were evaluated from the linear optical parameters using semiempirical relation. The increasing in nonlinear parameters $$x^{(3)}$$
 and $$n_{2}$$
 suggest the use of PVC/NiO nanocomposites for nonlinear optical applications.

Effect of NiO NPs doping on the structure and optical properties of PVC polymer films

Dielectric and electrical properties of PEO–Al2O3 nanocomposites

The organic-inorganic nanocomposite materials consisted of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blend matrix (50/50 wt%) dispersed with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been prepared by the aqueous solution-cast method. The dielectric dispersion and relaxation processes in these polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films (i.e., (PVA-PEO)- x wt% ZnO; x = 0, 1, 3 or 5) have been investigated over the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz by employing the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Influence of ZnO contents on the complex dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity, electric modulus and impedance properties of these PNC materials has been explored. The dielectric permittivity and the relaxation time values corresponding to polymers cooperative chain segmental motion significantly change with the variation of ZnO contents in the PVA-PEO blend matrix at ambient temperature. The temperature dependent relaxation times and dc conductivity values of (PVA-PEO)-3 wt% ZnO film have been investigated which obey the Arrhenius behaviour. The dielectric permittivity of the film as a function of temperature exhibits linear behaviour at radio frequencies and non-linear variation at lower audio frequencies. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm a huge decrease in crystalline phase of the polymer blend matrix on the addition of 1 wt% ZnO nanoparticles. These PNC materials have low values of dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity which confirm their suitability as novel flexible-type polymer nanodielectric for the insulation in microelectronic devices, whereas the fast chain segmental dynamics and high amorphous phase reveal these materials as a potential candidate for the preparation of nanocomposite solid polymer electrolytes.

Dielectric dispersion and relaxations in (PVA-PEO)-ZnO polymer nanocomposites

Energy storage devices constitute one of the research areas in recent years. Capacitors are commonly used for the storage of electrical energy. The current research is focusing on not only the improvement in energy density but also the materials which are environment friendly. Polymer composites are known to be technically essential materials owing to their wide range of applications. Enormous research has been devoted to zinc oxide- (ZnO-) based polymer nanocomposites, due to their extraordinary dielectric properties. This review article presents a detailed study of the dielectric properties of ZnO-based nanocomposites. The dielectric constant study includes the effect of transition metals and rare earth metals as a dopant in ZnO. This review gives an insight into the mechanism responsible for the variation of dielectric constant in ZnO nanocomposites due to various factors like size of nanoparticles, thickness of the thin film, operating frequency, doping concentration, and atomic number. The observations have been summarized to convey the mechanism and structural changes involved in the ZnO nanocomposites to the researchers. The deployment of biodegradable nanocomposite materials is expected to open an innovative way for their outstanding electronic applications as storage materials.

/pdf/dielectric-properties-of-zno-based-nanocomposites-and-their-4t9rs77zuw.pdf

Dielectric Properties of ZnO-Based Nanocomposites and Their Potential Applications

Fabrication, structural, optical, and dielectric properties of PVC-PbO nanocomposites, as well as their gamma-ray shielding capability

Nanodielectrics based on metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit significant improvement in dielectric performances. This study was carried out to examine the dielectric properties of Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) with the introduction of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs synthesized by simple sol gel method. The microstructure and surface morphology of the synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM). The formation of the wurtzite-type ZnO was verified from XRD with average crystallite sizes around 35 nm. PVC/ZnO-NPs nanocomposites were prepared by the solution-cast technique with two different procedures of NPs addition. The dielectric properties of PVC/ZnO nanocomposites were studied by measuring the DC dielectric strength with constant 1 kV/s ramp and the dielectric response as function of frequency from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. A significant enhancement in breakdown strength has been observed with addition of ZnO NPs. The breakdown strength values reached up to 45 % (for PVC/0.14 vol% ZnO) more than obtained for the pristine PVC sample. The effect of dispersibility of NPs due to the used procedures of addition on the DC dielectric strength was studied and confirmed by FE-SEM. The dependency of the real part of permittivity (e
 ′) on filler concentration was observed and confirmed the obtained results from DC dielectric strength.

Dielectric properties enhancement of PVC nanodielectrics based on synthesized ZnO nanoparticles

Accelerated thermal ageing test on nanocomposites of polyvinyl chloride (PVC/SiO2) is conducted at constant temperatures of 110 °C and 140 °C. Accordingly, different PVC/SiO2 nanocomposite samples with different silicon dioxide (SiO2) filler loading are prepared. The preparation of the samples was carried out based on the solution casting technique. The loading concentrations of SiO2 in the investigating samples are 0, 1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt%. The breakdown strength of the prepared PVC/SiO2 nanocomposite samples is evaluated before and after the thermal ageing test. The evaluation of breakdown strength is carried out based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. Also, dielectric spectroscopy, which includes dielectric constant (έ) and tangent loss (tan δ) of nanocomposite, is performed before and after the thermal ageing test. Also, the mass losses during thermal ageing of all samples are evaluated. The results show that the breakdown strength, tan δ, and the dielectric constant (έ) of pure PVC and PVC/SiO2 nanocomposites are significantly affected by the thermal ageing test. Adding a small amount of SiO2 nanoparticles to PVC leads to improvement in its dielectric properties before and after the thermal ageing process as compared to the pure PVC. The mass loss of PVC/SiO2 nanocomposite during thermal ageing is less than that of pure PVC and confirms the obtained result from breakdown strength.

/pdf/performance-of-pvc-sio-2-nanocomposites-under-thermal-ageing-3e2nc0gsaj.pdf

Performance of PVC/SiO 2 nanocomposites under thermal ageing

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), with wurtzite structure, were synthesized using sol–gel route. Both the microstructure and morphology of the synthesized ZnO NPs were examined using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized ZnO NPs up to 5 wt% were introduced to high density polyethylene (HDPE) using melt blending technique. The dielectric properties of the fabricated HDPE/ZnO nanocomposites were studied by measuring the dc dielectric breakdown strength at constant 1 kV/s ramp. The dielectric strength values were showed ZnO nanofiller concentration dependency. Enhancement in breakdown strength has been observed with addition of ZnO NPs and reached to 17 ± 3.1 % (for HDPE/1 wt% ZnO) with respect to the pure HDPE sample. The real part of the permittivity (
 $$\varepsilon^{\prime }$$
 ) and the loss tangent (
 $$\tan \delta$$
 ) dependency on filler concentration was studied under different applied frequency values from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. As well as the variation of the dielectric parameters (
 $$\varepsilon^{\prime }$$
 and $$\tan \delta$$
 ) was studied throughout temperature range from room temperature to 120 °C.

Dielectric investigation of high density polyethylene loaded by ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel route

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and nanoparticles of calcium carbonate (NCC) have been mixed via melt blending technique using different ratios of NCC as nanofiller and high-density polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (HDPE-g-MA) as a compatibilizer. The combined effect of NCC as well as HDPE-g-MA concentrations on the breakdown strength and dielectric spectroscopy performance of HDPE was investigated. According to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard, the ac breakdown voltage of such nanocomposites was measured at constant 500 V/s ramp. The ac breakdown voltage was enhanced by 8.2% for HDPE/ 2wt% NCC and reached 21% in the presence of 1 wt% HDPE-g-MA which increases the efficiency of NCC dispersion. The surface morphology of synthesized HDPE/NCC and HDPE/NCC/HDPE-g-MA nanocomposites was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). FE-SEM images showed an enhanced dispersion of NCC that may be due to good adhesion between NCC and HDPE under the compatibilization effect of HDPE-g-MA. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed chemical interaction between HDPE-g-MA and stearic acid on the surface of NCC and physical entanglement among HDPE and HDPE-g-MA. Dielectric constant (e′) and tangent loss (tan δ) were measured under different applied frequency values from 1 kHz to 1 MHz.

Enhancing the dielectric properties of compatibilized high-density polyethylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites using high-density polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride

TiO2 (titania) nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized by the sol–gel route with different calcination temperature varied from 300 to 500 °C. The microstructure and morphology of the synthesized samples were characterized under the effect of changing the calcination temperature using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The result obtained from such characteristic tools confirmed the formation of the anatase phase for all the synthesized titania NPs with pronounced dependence of size and agglomeration of particles on the used calcination temperatures. Various nanofluids systems from a commercially mineral oil and the synthesized TiO2 NPs were fabricated with different concentrations up to 5 g/L from each of the synthesized NPs. The dielectric properties of the fabricated nanofluids were examined by studying the effect of the concentration of titania NPs on the variation of ac breakdown voltage and dielectric constant (e′). All the prepared oil transformer-nanofluid based on the investigated concentrations of the synthesized TiO2 NPs exhibited enhancement in the ac breakdown voltage reaching 111.8% for nanofluid with concentration 0.7 g/L based on T400 sample more than that obtained for the pure oil transformer. The dependency of e′ on NPs concentration was studied under different applied frequency values from 30 Hz to 1 MHz. The nanoparticle features were reflected on the behavior of e′ with NPs concentration throughout the investigated range of the applied frequency.

Loading different sizes of titania nanoparticles into transformer oil: A study on the dielectric behavior

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