Transition probability from the ground to the first-excited 2+ state of even–even nuclides

Adopted values for the reduced electric quadrupole transition probability, B(E2)↑, from the ground state to the first-excited 2+ state of even–even nuclides are given in Table I. Values of τ, the mean life of the 2+ state; E, the energy; and β, the quadrupole deformation parameter, are also listed there. The ratio of β to the value expected from the single-particle model is presented. The intrinsic quadrupole moment, Q0, is deduced from the B(E2)↑ value. The product E×B(E2)↑ is expressed as a percentage of the energy-weighted total and isoscalar E2 sum-rule strengths.

Table II presents the data on which Table I is based, namely the experimental results for B(E2)↑ values with quoted uncertainties. Information is also given on the quantity measured and the method used. The literature has been covered to November 2000.

The adopted B(E2)↑ values are compared in Table III with the values given by systematics and by various theoretical models. Predictions of unmeasured B(E2)↑ values are also given in Table III.

Transition probability from the ground to the first-excited 2^+ state of even-even nuclides

Energy levels of A = 21−44 nuclei (V)

Shape coexistence in nuclei appears to be unique in the realm of finite many-body quantum systems It differs from the various geometrical arrangements that sometimes occur in a molecule in that in a molecule the various arrangements are of the widely separated atomic nuclei In nuclei the various ''arrangements'' of nucleons involve (sets of) energy eigenstates with different electric quadrupole properties such as moments and transition rates, and different distributions of proton pairs and neutron pairs with respect to their Fermi energies Sometimes two such structures will ''invert'' as a function of the nucleon number, resulting in a sudden and dramatic change in ground-state properties in neighboring isotopes and isotones In the first part of this review the theoretical status of coexistence in nuclei is summarized Two approaches, namely, microscopic shell-model descriptions and mean-field descriptions, are emphasized The second part of this review presents systematic data, for both even- and odd-mass nuclei, selected to illustrate the various ways in which coexistence is observed in nuclei The last part of this review looks to future developments and the issue of the universality of coexistence in nuclei Surprises continue to be discovered With the major advances in reaching to extremes of proton-neutronmore » number, and the anticipated new ''rare isotope beam'' facilities, guidelines for search and discovery are discussed« less

Shape coexistence in atomic nuclei

Further evidence for the presence of an anomaly in binding energies for the ``island of inversion'' centered at Z=11, N=21 is obtained by comparison of shell-model calculations to experiment. The calculations were done with a shell-model interaction that is applicable to nuclei with active valence nucleons in both the (1s,0d) and (0f,1p) major shells. This interaction is described in detail as are its predictions for binding energies and energy spectra of Z=8--20, N=18--25 nuclei. These calculations provide the background for the exploration of the ``island of inversion.'' The extent of the ``island'' and the magnitude of the anomaly is explored by calculating the binding energies of 2\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} excitations of neutrons from the (1s,0d) shell to the (0f,1p) shell relative to the 0\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} ground state. The reason why mixed (0+2)\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} calculations are not considered reliable is addressed. Truncation schemes and a weak-coupling approximation are used to extend the range of the calculations. It is found that for Z=10--12, N=20--22 (and possibly Ng22) nuclei the lowest 2\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} state is more bound than the 0\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} ground state. The role of odd n n\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} excitations is considered and it is found that the 1\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} ground state always lies below that of 3\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}, and for N=19, 21, and 23, the lowest 1\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} state is in close competition with 2\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} for the lowest binding energy. Collectivity is considered via E2 observables and energy spectra for the 2\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} ground-state bands. The reason for the existence of the ``island'' is discussed.

Mass systematics for A=29-44 nuclei: The deformed A~32 region.

Yrast bands in 176Pt(N=98) and 178Pt have been identified. The level scheme of 176Pt changes from a quasi-vibrational pattern to that of a well deformed rotor, at very low spins, a behaviour similar to that attributed to shape coexistence in the light Hg isotopes. Analysis of The 176-188Pt yrast bands supports a shape coexistence interpretation, the excitation energy of the intruder state behaving as predicted by Wood, (1981).

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4616/12/3/005/pdf

Shape coexistence in very neutron-deficient Pt isotopes

Band crossings in 170Os

Configuration-dependent deformations in 171Re

http://www.mi.infn.it/~sleoni/TEMP/articoli-silvia/NPA695-Jensen-2001-3.pdf

General properties of the Πh 9/2 [541]1/2 - configuration and level scheme of 165 Tm

Shape coexistence or particle alignment in the light osmium isotopes 171Os, 172Os and 173Os

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