Quantum Key Distribution. A survey on current vulnerability trends and potential implementation risks.

With the growing focus and development on the industrialization of the research and development (R&D) outcomes of universities, academic patents have witnessed significant growth in recent years. However, previous development directions for the technologies of academic patents have mostly focused on patents approved by or applied for with major patent offices; few have examined from the perspective of standard-essential patents (SEPs). This study examined key technologies of academic SEPs through network analysis. The findings revealed that most of the key technologies of academic SEPs are involved in wireless communication networks and the transmission of digital information, electric digital data processing, control or regulating systems, and secret communication systems. Among these, secret communication systems are key technologies in academia, and more scientific research resources should be invested in secret communication R&D in the future. In addition, the key technologies of academic SEPs have changed; specifically, image coding technology has undergone major developments. Accordingly, this study developed a key technology network model for academic standard-essential patents to verify those academic technologies that are vital to industrial applications.

https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221114331

Examining Key Technologies Among Academic Patents Through an Analysis of Standard-Essential Patents

Measurement Device Independent Multi-carrier Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution

Continuous variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI-QKD) removes all known or unknown side-channel attacks on detectors. However, it is difficult to fully implement assumptions in the security demonstration model, which leads to potential security vulnerabilities inevitably existing in the practical system. In this paper, we explore the impact of imbalanced modulation at transmitters on the security of the CV-MDI-QKD system mainly using a coherent state and squeezed state under symmetric and asymmetric distances. Assuming two different modulation topologies of senders, we propose a generalized theoretical scheme and evaluate the key parameter achievable of the protocol with the mechanism of imbalanced modulation. The presented results show that imbalanced modulation can achieve a relatively nonlinearly higher secret key rate and transmission distances than the previous protocol which is the balanced modulation variance used by transmitters. The advantage of imbalanced modulation is demonstrated for the system key parameter estimation using numerical simulation under different situations. In addition, the consequences indicate the importance of imbalanced modulation on the performance of CV-MDI-QKD protocol and provide a theoretical framework for experimental implementation as well as the optimal modulated mode. 

Impact of Imbalanced Modulation on Security of Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution

In the ever-evolving landscape of quantum cryptography, Device-independent Quantum Key Distribution (DI-QKD) stands out for its unique approach to ensuring security based not on the trustworthiness of the devices but on nonlocal correlations. Beginning with a contextual understanding of modern cryptographic security and the limitations of standard quantum key distribution methods, this review explores the pivotal role of nonclassicality and the challenges posed by various experimental loopholes for DI-QKD. Various protocols, security against individual, collective and coherent attacks, and the concept of self-testing are also examined, as well as the entropy accumulation theorem, and additional mathematical methods in formulating advanced security proofs. In addition, the burgeoning field of semi-device-independent models (measurement DI--QKD, Receiver DI--QKD, and One--sided DI--QKD) is also analyzed. The practical aspects are discussed through a detailed overview of experimental progress and the open challenges toward the commercial deployment in the future of secure communications.

The future of secure communications: Device independence in quantum key distribution

The technique of behavior cloning is to equip a robot with the capability of learning control skills through observation, which can naturally perform human–robot interaction. Despite many related studies in the context of humanoid robot behavior cloning, the problems of the unnecessary recording of similar actions and more efficient storage forms than recording actions by joint angles or motor counts are still worth discussing. To reduce the storage burden on robots, we implemented an end-to-end humanoid robot behavior cloning system, which consists of three modules, namely action emulation, action memorization, and action replay. With the help of traditional machine learning methods, the system can avoid recording similar actions while storing actions in a more efficient form. A jitter problem in the action replay is also handled. In our system, an action is defined as a sequence of many pose frames. We propose a revised key-pose detection algorithm to keep minimal poses of each action to minimize storage consumption. Subsequently, a clustering algorithm for key poses is implemented to save each action in the form of identifiers series. Finally, a similarity equation is proposed to avoid the unnecessary storage of similar actions, in which the similarity evaluation of actions is defined as an LCS problem. Experiments on different actions have shown that our system greatly reduces the storage burden of the robot while ensuring that the errors are within acceptable limits. The average error of the revised key-pose detection algorithm is reduced by 69% compared to the original and 26% compared to another advanced algorithm. The storage consumption of actions is reduced by 97% eventually. Experimental results demonstrate that the system can efficiently memorize actions to complete behavioral cloning.

/pdf/behavior-cloning-and-replay-of-humanoid-robot-via-a-depth-3hdgw3bg.pdf

Behavior Cloning and Replay of Humanoid Robot via a Depth Camera

Simplifying communication control: a cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning framework based on group decision-making

It is necessary to take out the electrode when detecting the scaling degree of the conventional grading electrode. The steps are cumbersome and there are safety risks. In this paper, through the analysis of the equivalent circuit model before and after the scaling of the grading electrode on the cooling water manifold in the converter valve, the loop resistance model suitable for the positive and negative potential sides is obtained. The constant voltage DC source is used as the driving voltage of the circuit, and the leakage current of the circuit is measured under different temperatures and conductivity conditions of the internal cooling water. The degree of scaling of the grading electrode is determined by analyzing the leakage current. The leakage current in the non-scaling state of the grading electrode and the leakage current in the scaling failure state of the grading electrode are taken as the reference values. It is concluded that when the leakage current of the measurement circuit decreases to 68 % - 80 % of the leakage current in the non-scaling state of the grading electrode, the grading electrode can be considered to fail.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012063/pdf

Electrical Performance Analysis of Grading Electrodes After Scaling in Converter Valves

Continuous-variable measure-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD) is proposed to remove all imperfections originating from detection. However, there are still some inevitable imperfections in a practical CV-MDI QKD system. For example, there is a fluctuating channel transmittance in the complex communication environments. Here we investigate the security of the system under the effects of the fluctuating channel transmittance, where the transmittance is regarded as a fixed value related to communication distance in theory. We first discuss the parameter estimation in fluctuating channel transmittance based on these establishing of channel models, which has an obvious deviation compared with the estimated parameters in the ideal case. Then, we show the evaluated results when the channel transmittance respectively obeys the two-point distribution and the uniform distribution. In particular, the two distributions can be easily realized under the manipulation of eavesdroppers. Finally, we analyze the secret key rate of the system when the channel transmittance obeys the above distributions. The simulation analysis indicates that a slight fluctuation of the channel transmittance may seriously reduce the performance of the system, especially in the extreme asymmetric case. Furthermore, the communication between Alice, Bob and Charlie may be immediately interrupted. Therefore, eavesdroppers can manipulate the channel transmittance to complete a denial-of-service attack in a practical CV-MDI QKD system. To resist this attack, the Gaussian post-selection method can be exploited to calibrate the parameter estimation to reduce the deterioration of performance of the system.

/pdf/security-analysis-of-continuous-variable-measurement-device-2v04cc2r.pdf

Security Analysis of Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Systems in Complex Communication Environments

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Behavior Cloning and Replay of Humanoid Robot via a Depth Camera

Simplifying communication control: a cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning framework based on group decision-making

Electrical Performance Analysis of Grading Electrodes After Scaling in Converter Valves

Security Analysis of Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Systems in Complex Communication Environments