Colloidal nanocrystals are nanometer-sized, solution-grown inorganic particles stabilized by a layer of surfactants attached to their surface. The inorganic cores exhibit useful properties controlled by composition as well as size and shape, while the surfactant coating ensures that these structures are easy to fabricate and process. It is this combination of features that makes colloidal nanocrystals attractive and promising building blocks for advanced materials and devices. But their full potential can only be exploited if we achieve exquisite control over their composition, size, shape, crystal structure and surface properties. Here we review what is known about nanocrystal growth and outline strategies for controlling it.

Colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and the organic-inorganic interface

Magnetic responsive materials are the topic of intense research due to their potential breakthrough applications in the biomedical, coatings, microfluidics and microelectronics fields. By merging magnetic and polymer materials one can obtain composites with exceptional magnetic responsive features. Magnetic actuation provides unique capabilities as it can be spatially and temporally controlled, and can additionally be operated externally to the system, providing a non-invasive approach to remote control. We identified three classes of magnetic responsive composite materials, according to their activation mode and intended applications, which can be defined by the following aspects. (A) Their ability to be deformed (stretching, bending, rotation) upon exposure to a magnetic field. (B) The possibility of remotely dragging them to a targeted area, called magnetic guidance, which is particularly interesting for biomedical applications, including cell and biomolecule guidance and separation. (C) The opportunity to use magnetic induction for thermoresponsive polymer materials actuation, which has shown promising results for controlled drug release and shape memory devices. For each category, essential design parameters that allow fine-tuning of the properties of these magnetic responsive composites are presented using key examples.

/pdf/magnetic-responsive-polymer-composite-materials-1lcoddqjxh.pdf

Magnetic responsive polymer composite materials

In the past two decades, the synthetic development of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) has been intensively explored for both fundamental scientific research and technological applications. Different from the bulk magnet, magnetic NPs exhibit unique magnetism, which enables the tuning of their magnetism by systematic nanoscale engineering. In this review, we first briefly discuss the fundamental features of magnetic NPs. We then summarize the synthesis of various magnetic NPs, including magnetic metal, metallic alloy, metal oxide, and multifunctional NPs. We focus on the organic phase syntheses of magnetic NPs with precise control over their sizes, shapes, compositions, and structures. Finally we discuss the applications of various magnetic NPs in sensitive diagnostics and therapeutics, high-density magnetic data recording and energy storage, as well as in highly efficient catalysis.

Organic Phase Syntheses of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Applications.

Nanostructured magnetic materials have a variety of promising applications spreading from nano-scale electronic devices, sensors and high-density data storage media to controlled drug delivery and cancer diagnostics/treatment systems. Magnetic nanoparticles offer the most natural and elegant way for fabrication of such (multi-) functional materials. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (which now can be done with precise control over the size and surface chemistry), and nanoscale interactions leading to their self-assembly into 1D, 2D or 3D aggregates. Various approaches to self-organization, directed-, or template-assisted assembly of these nanostructures are discussed with the special emphasis on magnetic-field enabled interactions. We also discuss new physical phenomena associated with magnetic coupling between nanoparticles and their interaction with a substrate and the characterization of the physical properties at the nanoscale using various experimental techniques (including scanning quantum interferometry (SQUID) and magnetic force microscopy). Applications of magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in data storage, spintronics, drug delivery, cancer therapy, and prospective applications such as adaptive materials and multifunctional reconfigurable materials are also highlighted.

/pdf/magnetic-nanoparticles-recent-advances-in-synthesis-self-46j74hddet.pdf

Magnetic nanoparticles: recent advances in synthesis, self-assembly and applications

Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) are currently receiving great interest due to their easy preparation, high chemical and thermal stability, and low cost. Combined with the lightweight properties and high surface areas HCPs can be considered as promising materials for gas storage and separation, catalysis, and heavy metal ions removal in wastewater treatment. This Feature Article summarizes strategies for the preparation of HCPs, comprising the post-crosslinking of "Davankov-type" resins, direct polycondensation of aromatic chloromethyl (or hydroxymethyl) monomers, and knitting aromatic compound polymers (KAPs). The HCPs applications, such as H2 storage, CO2 capture, and heterogeneous catalysis, are also discussed throughout in the article. Finally, the outlook of this research area is given.

Recent Development of Hypercrosslinked Microporous Organic Polymers

This tutorial review summarizes the recent advances on the self assembly of magnetic nanoparticles into one-, two-, and three-dimensional architectures using synthetic polymers and biopolymers. The materials have unique stimuli-responsive behavior that emerge in response to internal and external magnetic fields. For example, magnetic fields can be used to elicit a magnetic response from the materials, whether the material rearranges in response to the external field, or provides information regarding the local environment of the nanoparticles. These materials hold great promise for applications ranging from data storage to nanomedicine.

Magnetically-responsive self assembled composites

Ferro- and ferrimagnetic nanoparticles are difficult to manipulate in solution as a consequence of the formation of magnetically induced nanoparticle aggregates, which hamper the utility of these particles for applications ranging from data storage to bionanotechnology. Nonmagnetic shells that encapsulate these magnetic particles can reduce the interparticle magnetic interactions and improve the dispersibility of the nanoparticles in solution. A route to create uniform silica shells around individual cobalt ferrite nanoparticles—which uses poly(acrylic acid) to bind to the nanoparticle surface and inhibit nanoparticle aggregation prior to the addition of a silica precursor—was developed. In the absence of the poly(acrylic acid) the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles irreversibly aggregated during the silica shell formation. The thickness of the silica shell around the core−shell nanoparticles could be controlled in order to tune the interparticle magnetic coupling as well as inhibit magnetically induced nanopar...

Monodisperse Cobalt Ferrite Nanomagnets with Uniform Silica Coatings

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) provide a set of building blocks for constructing stimuli-responsive nanoscale materials with properties that are unique to this scale. The size and the composition of MNPs are tunable to meet the requirements for a range of applications including biosensors and data storage. Although many of these technologies would significantly benefit from the organization of nanoparticles into higher-order architectures, the precise placement and arrangement of nanoparticles over large areas of a surface remain a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the viability of magnetic nanoparticles for patterned recording media utilizing a template-directed self-assembly process to afford well-defined nanostructures of magnetic nanoparticles and access these assemblies using magnetic force microscopy and a magnetic recording head. Photolithographically defined holes were utilized as templates to form assemblies of ferrimagnetic nanoparticle rings or pillars selectively over a large area (>1 cm2) in j...

High-throughput directed self-assembly of core-shell ferrimagnetic nanoparticle arrays.

Provided is a method of inhibiting magnetically induced aggregation of ferrimagnetic and/or ferromagnetic nanoparticles by encapsulating the nanoparticles in a silica shell. The method entails coating magnetic nanoparticle surfaces with a polyacid polymer to form polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles and treating the polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles with a silica precursor to form uniform silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. By controlling the thickness of the silica encapsulating the nanoparticles, the inherent magnetically induced aggregation of the nanoparticles can be completely inhibited.

Method for silica encapsulation of magnetic particles

We present a simple and facile strategy for the formation and placement of two-dimensional nanoparticle arrays by spin-coating of polystyrene-modified gold nanoparticles onto lithographically patterned substrates.

Topographically directed self-assembly of goldnanoparticles

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