Innate tumor killers in colorectal cancer

Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a malignant tumor with a high fatality rate and poor overall survival, while molecular targets diagnosing and alleviating lung cancer remain inadequate. Methods In this article, we highlighted the upregulation of microRNA-423-3p (miR-423-3p) in LUAD, especially in smokers aged over 40, and revealed that the high expression of miR-423-3p was significantly associated with smoker, age, and pathologic stage of LUAD patients. Results Moreover, overexpressing miR-423-3p could facilitate LUAD cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, while depleted miR-423-3p caused repressive influence upon it. Mechanically, we identified that miR-423-3p could activate FAK signaling pathway through binding to the 3'-UTR of cytochrome B reductase 1 (CYBRD1). Furthermore, we demonstrated that CYBRD1 was lowly expressed in LUAD, and miR-423-3p overexpression could rescue the impairment of LUAD cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and EMT caused by CYBRD1 depletion. Noticeably, miR-423-3p depletion efficiently hindered LUAD tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion Collectively, our findings demonstrated that miR-423-3p/CYBRD1 axis could be regarded as a promising biomarker to alleviate the poor LUAD prognosis.

miR-423-3p activates FAK signaling pathway to drive EMT process and tumor growth in lung adenocarcinoma through targeting CYBRD1

Introduction Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent urinary cancers, and its management is still a problem causing recurrence and progression, elevating mortality. Materials and Methods We aimed at the nuclear mitochondria-related genes (MTRGs), collected from the MITOMAP: A Human Mitochondrial Genome Database. Meanwhile, the expression profiles and clinical information of BC were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as a training group. The univariate, multivariate, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analyses were used to construct a nuclear mitochondrial-related multi-genes signature and the prognostic nomogram. Results A total of 17 nuclear MTRGs were identified to be correlated with the overall survival (OS) of BC patients, and a nuclear MTRGs signature based on 16 genes expression was further determined by the LASSO Cox regression analysis. Based on a nuclear MTRGs scoring system, BC patients from the TCGA cohort were divided into high- and low- nuclear MTRGs score groups. Patients with a high nuclear MTRGs score exhibited a significantly poorer outcome (median OS: 92.90 vs 20.20 months, p<0.0001). The nuclear MTRGs signature was further verified in three independent datasets, namely, GSE13507, GSE31684, and GSE32548, from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The BC patients with a high nuclear MTRGs score had significantly worse survival (median OS in GSE13507: 31.52 vs 98.00 months, p<0.05; GSE31684: 32.85 months vs unreached, p<0.05; GSE32548: unreached vs unreached, p<0.05). Furthermore, muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients had a significantly higher nuclear MTRGs score (p<0.05) than non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. The integrated signature outperformed each involved MTRG. In addition, a nuclear MTRGs-based nomogram was constructed as a novel prediction prognosis model, whose AUC values for OS at 1, 3, 5 years were 0.76, 0.75, and 0.75, respectively, showing the prognostic nomogram had good and stable predicting ability. Enrichment analyses of the hallmark gene set and KEGG pathway revealed that the E2F targets, G2M checkpoint pathways, and cell cycle had influences on the survival of BC patients. Furthermore, the analysis of tumor microenvironment indicated more CD8+ T cells and higher immune score in patients with high nuclear MTRGs score, which might confer sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Conclusions Not only could the signature and prognostic nomogram predict the prognosis of BC, but it also had potential therapeutic guidance.

/pdf/identification-of-a-nuclear-mitochondrial-related-multi-59rlab8hcv.pdf

Identification of a Nuclear Mitochondrial-Related Multi-Genes Signature to Predict the Prognosis of Bladder Cancer.

INTRODUCTION
About half of adults aged ≥ 80 years suffer from frailty. Exercise is considered effective in preventing frailty but may be inapplicable to adults aged ≥ 80 years due to physical limitations. As an alternative, we aimed to explore the association of leisure activities with frailty and identify potential interaction with established polygenic risk score (PRS) among adults aged ≥ 80 years.


METHODS
Analyses were performed in a prospective cohort study of 7471 community-living older adults aged ≥ 80 years who were recruited between 2002 and 2014 from 23 provinces in China. Leisure activity was assessed using a seven-question leisure activity index and frailty was defined as a frailty index ≥ 0.25 using a validated 39-item health-related scale. The PRS was constructed using 59 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with frailty in a subsample of 2541 older adults. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the associations of leisure activities, PRS with frailty.


RESULTS
The mean age of participants was 89.4 ± 6.6 years (range: 80-116). In total, 2930 cases of frailty were identified during 42,216 person-years of follow-up. Each 1 unit increase in the leisure activity index was associated with 12% lower risk of frailty (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.88 [95%CI, 0.85-0.91]). Participants with high genetic risk (PRS>2.47×10-4) suffered from 26% higher risk of frailty. Interaction between leisure activity and genetic risk was not observed.


CONCLUSION
Evidence is presented for the independent association of leisure activities and genetic risk with frailty. Engagement in leisure activities suggested to be associated with lower risk of frailty across all levels of genetic risk among adults aged ≥ 80 years.

Leisure Activities, Genetic Risk, and Frailty: Evidence from the Chinese Adults Aged 80 Years or Older.

Overexpression of DARS2 may enhance the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there are few extensive reports on DARS2 function in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The differential expression of DARS2 was detected by genomics and in vitro experiments, and the effect of DARS2 expression on LUAD cell activity was analyzed. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to explore possible signal pathways involved in the biological functions of DARS2 and its co-expressed genes. Utilizing TIMER and GEPIA datasets, the association between DARS2 expression and immunological infiltrating cells was analyzed. At the same time, the association between DARS2 expression pattern and LUAD m6A modification and cuproptosis was examined utilizing TCGA and GEO datasets. The level of DARS2 in LUAD increased, and inhibition of DARS2 expression could significantly inhibit the proliferation of LUAD cells. ROC curves showed that DARS2 overexpression could accurately diagnose LUAD and lead to a significant decline in the survival rates of OS, DSS, and PFI in LUAD. Enrichment analysis showed that DARS2 and its co-expressed genes were closely associated with chromosome segregation and the cell cycle. TIMER and GEPIA database analysis demonstrated that the DARS2 expression pattern was adversely correlated with the infiltration of B cells and Tfh cells. TCGA and GEO dataset examination revealed that DARS2 expression was significantly linked to four m6A-related genes and one cuproptosis-related gene. DARS2 expression is increased in LUAD patients and is closely associated with LUAD immune cell infiltration, modification of m6A, and cuproptosis. DARS2 is a potential reliable prognostic biomarker of LUAD. 

DARS2 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates and cuproptosis in lung adenocarcinoma.

The somatic landscape of the cancer genome results from different mutational processes represented by distinct "mutational signatures". Although several mutagenic mechanisms are known to cause specific mutational signatures in cell lines, the variation of somatic mutational activities in patients, which is mostly attributed to somatic selection, is still poorly explained. Here we introduce a quantitative trait, mutational propensity (MP), and describe an integrated method to infer genetic determinants of variations in the mutational processes in 3,566 cancers with specific underlying mechanisms. As a result, we report 2,314 candidate determinants with both significant germline and somatic effects on somatic selection of mutational processes, of which 485 act via cancer gene expression and 1,427 act through the tumor immune microenvironment. These data demonstrate that the genetic determinants of MPs provide complementary information to known cancer driver genes, clonal evolution, and clinical biomarkers.

/pdf/genetic-determinants-of-somatic-selection-of-mutational-1v9b6w8ndt.pdf

Genetic Determinants of Somatic Selection of Mutational Processes in 3,566 Human Cancers

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported a handful of loci associated with lung cancer risk, of which the pathogenic pathways are largely unknown. We performed cis-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping for 376 lung cancer related GWAS loci in 227 TCGA lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and reported two risk loci as eQTL of miRNA. Among the miRNAs in association with lung cancer risk, we further predicted and validated miR-3130-5p as an intermediate modulator of risk loci 2q33 and the tumor suppressor NDUFS1. We assessed the phenotypic impacts of the interaction between miR-3130-5p and NDUFS1 in both lung cancer cell lines and mice xenograft models. As a result, miR-3130-5p directly regulates the expression of NDUFS1 and the corresponding tumor invasiveness, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our findings provide important clues for the pathogenic mechanism of 2q33 in lung carcinogenesis which informs clinical diagnosis and prognosis of LUAD. We performed a cis-eQTL analysis for 376 lung cancer risk loci based on the expression profiles of 251 miRNAs in a cohort of 227 TCGA lung adenocarcinoma. We report a novel pathogenic pathway of 2q33 via miR-3130-5p and NDUFS1.

MiR-3130-5p is an intermediate modulator of 2q33 and influences the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma by targeting NDUFS1.

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Genetic Determinants of Somatic Selection of Mutational Processes in 3,566 Human Cancers

MiR-3130-5p is an intermediate modulator of 2q33 and influences the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma by targeting NDUFS1.