Boron-based stimuli responsive systems represent an emerging class of useful materials with a wide variety of applications. Functions within these boron-doped molecules are derived from external stimuli such as light, heat, and force, which alter their intra- and/or intermolecular interactions, yielding unique electronic/photophysical or mechanical properties that can be exploited as optical probes or switchable materials. In this review, the various state-switching mechanisms of these boron-based materials will be introduced, followed by a detailed account of recent advances in the field. Emphasis will be placed on structure-property relationships and the potential applications of the stimuli-responsive boron compounds.

Boron-based stimuli responsive materials

Enantiopure molecules based on macrocyclic architecture are unique for applications in enantioselective host-guest recognition, chiral sensing and asymmetric catalysis. Taking advantage of the chiral transfer from the intrinsically planar chirality of pillar[5]arenes, we herein present an efficient and straightforward approach to achieve early examples of highly luminescent chiral systems (P5NN and P5BN). The optical resolution of their enantiomers has been carried out via preparative chiral HPLC, which was ascribed to the molecular functionalization of pillar[5]arenes with π-conjugated, sterically bulky triarylamine (Ar3 N) as an electron donor and triarylborane (Ar3 B) as an acceptor. This crucial design enabled investigations of the chiroptical properties, including circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in the solid state. The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) nature in P5BN afforded an interesting thermochromic shift of the emission over a wide temperature range.

/pdf/planar-chiral-organoboranes-with-thermoresponsive-emission-2t1qdwkapp.pdf

Planar Chiral Organoboranes with Thermoresponsive Emission and Circularly Polarized Luminescence: Integration of Pillar[5]arenes with Boron Chemistry

Mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) refers to a reversible color change of the solid-state emission induced by mechanical stimulus such as grinding, shearing, and compressing. A growing number of MCL...

Recent Advances in Mechanochromic Luminescence of Organic Crystalline Compounds

The introduction of B ← N coordinate bond—isoelectronic to C–C single bond—into π-systems represents a promising strategy to impart exotic redox and electrochromic properties into conjugated organic molecules and macromolecules. To achieve both reductive and oxidative activities using this strategy, a cruciform ladder-type molecular constitution was designed to accommodate oxidation-active, reduction-active, and B ← N coordination units into a compact structure. Two such compounds (BN-F and BN-Ph) were synthesized via highly efficient N-directed borylation. These molecules demonstrated well-separated, two reductive and two oxidative electron-transfer processes, corresponding to five distinct yet stable oxidation states, including a rarely observed boron-containing radical cation. Spectroelectrochemical measurements revealed unique optical characteristics for each of these reduced/oxidized species, demonstrating multicolor electrochromism with excellent recyclability. Distinct color changes were observed b...

/pdf/extraordinary-redox-activities-in-ladder-type-conjugated-1fxv3l721e.pdf

Extraordinary Redox Activities in Ladder-Type Conjugated Molecules Enabled by B ← N Coordination-Promoted Delocalization and Hyperconjugation

Classical Lewis pairs (LPs) between unhindered electron-poor Lewis acids (LAs) and electron-rich Lewis bases (LBs) present an overlooked motif with tremendous potential as dynamic cross-links in tr...

Lewis Pairs as Highly Tunable Dynamic Cross-Links in Transient Polymer Networks

Stimuli-Responsive B/N Lewis Pairs Based on the Modulation of B–N Bond Strength

Biomass-derived porous carbon has gained significant attention as a cost-effective and sustainable material in non-noble metal carbon-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, during the preparation of transition metal catalysts based on biomass-derived porous carbon, the agglomeration of transition metal atoms often occurs, leading to a notable decline in catalytic activity. In this study, we present a straightforward synthetic approach for the preparation of nitrogen-enriched soybean-derived porous carbon (Co@SP-C-a) as an electrocatalyst for the ORR. To achieve this, we employed a two-step method. In the first step, a chemical activator (KCl) was utilized to enhance the porosity of the self-doped nitrogen biomass carbon material. In the second step, a constant pressure drop funnel technique was employed to uniformly disperse bimetal cobalt/zinc-based zeolitic imidazolium frameworks (ZIF-L and ZIF-67) containing different metal ions (Zn2+ and Co2+) into the activated biomass carbon material. Subsequent high-temperature calcination of the ZIF-L and ZIF-67@SP-C-a composite precursor yielded the Co@SP-C-a catalyst. The obtained catalyst exhibited remarkable ORR activity in an alkaline solution (Eonset = 0.89 V, E1/2 = 0.83 V, JL = −6.13 mA·cm−2) and exceptional long-term stability. This study presents an effective strategy to prevent the agglomeration of metal nanoparticles when integrating them with biomass-based carbon materials, thus leading to enhanced catalytic performance.

Mitigating Co Metal Particle Agglomeration and Enhancing ORR Catalytic Activity through Nitrogen-Enriched Porous Carbon Derived from Biomass

Synthesis of Co3Fe7/CoFe2O4 incorporated porous carbon catalysts via molten salt method: applications in the oxygen reduction reaction and 4-nitrophenol reduction

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have attracted great attention in the past few decades due to their high efficiency and low cost of production. Hybrid perovskite solar cells have been widely investigated and commercialized due to their excellent performance in terms of power conversion efficiency and stability. However, there are still many challenges and challenges to be addressed to further improve their performance. In this paper, three kinds of lead iodide films of perovskite seeds were prepared by optimized film process, and the UV, XRD, SEM and steady-state fluorescence spectrum data of MAI, FAI and CsI showed that FAI's lead iodide film was most likely to be the best choice of perovskite absorbent layer material. This method provides a new strategy for preparing uniform and dense perovskite films.

By adding different perovskite seeds to obtain high-quality perovskite films

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Stimuli-Responsive B/N Lewis Pairs Based on the Modulation of B–N Bond Strength

Mitigating Co Metal Particle Agglomeration and Enhancing ORR Catalytic Activity through Nitrogen-Enriched Porous Carbon Derived from Biomass

Synthesis of Co3Fe7/CoFe2O4 incorporated porous carbon catalysts via molten salt method: applications in the oxygen reduction reaction and 4-nitrophenol reduction

By adding different perovskite seeds to obtain high-quality perovskite films