Objectives Tai chi (TC) is a potential complementary treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This overview systematically summarizes and evaluates the existing evidence of TC in the treatment of T2DM. Methods Systematic reviews (SRs)/meta-analyses (MAs) on TC interventions for T2DM were comprehensively searched in seven databases. Methodological quality, risk of bias, reporting quality, and quality of evidence were assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), the Risk of Bias in Systematic (ROBIS) scale, the list of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Results Eight published SRs/MAs were included in our study. Based on the methodology and quality of evidence assessment, all SRs/MAs are considered to be of very low quality, and only 1 SR/MA has been assessed as low risk of bias, and none of the SR/MA has been fully reported on the checklist. A total of 65 outcome indicators extracted from the included SRs/MAs were evaluated, and only 1 item was assessed as high quality. Conclusions TC may be an effective and safe complementary treatment for T2DM. However, this conclusion must be treated with caution because the quality of the evidence provided by the included SRs/MAs is generally low.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2022/6587221.pdf

The Effects of Tai Chi Exercise for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Tai Chi serves as an effective exercise modality for enhancing autonomic regulation. However, a majority of existing studies have employed the single routine (SR) protocol as the basis for health interventions. The extent to which the gong routine application (GRA) protocol achieves similar levels of exercise load stimulation as traditional single practice routines remains uncertain. Therefore, this study the distinct characteristics of autonomic load stimulation in these different protocols, thus providing a biological foundation to support the development of Tai Chi health promotion intervention programs. we recruited a cohort of forty-five university students to participate in the 15 min GRA protocol and SR protocol. We collected heart rate and heart rate variability indicators during periods of rest, GRA protocol, and SR protocol utilizing the Polar Scale. Additionally, we assessed the mental state of the participants using the BFS State of Mind Scale. In summary, the autonomic load is lower in the GRA protocol compared to the SR protocol, with lower sympathetic activity but higher parasympathetic activity in the former. Results are specific to college students, additional research is necessary to extend support for frail older adults. It is advised to incorporate GRA protocol alongside SR protocol in Tai Chi instruction. This approach is likely to enhance Tai Chi skills and yield greater health benefits. 

Acute effects of different Tai Chi practice protocols on cardiac autonomic modulation

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA), a chronic degenerative disease, is mainly characterized by destruction of articular cartilage and inflammatory reactions. At present, there is a lack of economical and effective clinical treatment. Zhuifeng Tougu (ZFTG) capsules have been clinically approved for treatment of OA as they relieve joint pain and inflammatory manifestations. However, the mechanism of ZFTG in KOA remains unknown. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ZFTG on the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and its therapeutic effect on rabbits with KOA. Study design: In vivo, we established a rabbit KOA model using the modified Videman method. In vitro, we treated chondrocytes with IL-1β to induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype and then intervened with different concentrations of ZFTG. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were assessed with histological observations and ELISA data. The effect of ZFTG on the viability of chondrocytes was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB were detected using Western blot and RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence observation of NF-κB p65 protein expression, respectively, to investigate the mechanism of ZFTG in inhibiting inflammatory injury of rabbit articular chondrocytes and alleviating cartilage degeneration. Results: The TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in rabbits with KOA was inhibited, and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in blood and cell were significantly downregulated, consistent with histological results. Both the protein and mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and NF-κB p65 proteins in that nucleus decreased in the ZFTG groups. Moreover, ZFTG promotes the survival of chondrocytes and inhibits the apoptosis of inflammatory chondrocytes. Conclusion: ZFTG alleviates the degeneration of rabbit knee joint cartilage, inhibits the apoptosis of inflammatory chondrocytes, and promotes the survival of chondrocytes. The underlying mechanism may be inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signaling pathway and secretion of inflammatory factors.

Zhuifeng tougu capsules inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and alleviate knee osteoarthritis: In vitro and in vivo experiments

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> Diabetes mellitus has become a rapidly increasing global health problem with vast international influence. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN), a common complication of diabetes, is caused by damage to the peripheral nerves due to prolonged hyperglycemia. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> This single-blind randomized controlled trial aimed to analyze the physical benefits of Qigong and Tai Chi in patients with DPN. The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of a 12-week Tai Chi and qigong intervention on symptoms and sleep quality in DPN, while also examining the key physiological states of the patients that influenced the treatment outcome. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> The study was a randomized controlled trial in which participants were randomized (1:1:1) to receive usual care, fitness Qigong, or Tai Chi exercise. All participants were assessed at two points (baseline and 12 weeks). The usual care includes traditional diabetes education. Education for this population included a proper diet, monitoring of blood glucose levels, and prevention of complications. The Fitness Qigong and Tai Chi exercise group populations were each guided by professors and professionals who provided exercise instruction via live video streaming. They practiced Fitness Qigong or Tai Chi three times a week for 30 minutes. The primary outcome indicator was patient reported neuropathic pain (Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions, DN4; 0–10 points scale) at 12 weeks after the intervention. Secondary outcomes included changes in NRS, PSQI, motor nerve conduction index, blood glucose, HRQoL (EuroQol 5-Dimensional 5-Level questionnaire, EQ-5D-5L), and biochemical indices. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> After treatment, there was a significant difference from baseline in DN4 in both the fitness qigong exercise group (adjusted difference -1.12, 95% CI -1.89 to 0.63; P = 0.012) and the Tai Chi exercise group (adjusted difference -1.32, 95% CI -2.04 to 0.41; P = 0.021). </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> In conclusion, this study suggests that interventions involving fitness qigong and Tai Chi, offered to patients through a telemedicine model, may improve the outcome of lower extremity pain in DPN. Tai Chi had a slight advantage over the fitness qigong group in improving sleep quality. </sec> <sec> <title>CLINICALTRIAL</title> The study was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Register, ChiCTR2200057863(19/03/2022). </sec> 

Effects of Fitness Qigong and Tai Chi Exercise Intervention in a Telemedicine Model on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (Preprint)

BACKGROUND
Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is considered a mind and body practice of Chinese origin, considered as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO, and recommended by the World Health Organization as a therapeutic approach to prevent falls.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effects of TCC on older adult's balance.


METHODS
A systematic review of randomized clinical trials was conducted by two independent reviewers using the ROB2 tool to assess the risk of bias under the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PEDro, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and LILACS. A meta-analysis of the selected articles for the dynamic and static balance criteria was conducted in a population of older adults (over 65 years) with publications from 2010 to 2024.


RESULTS
Eighteen randomized clinical trials fulfilled the criteria. TCC improves dynamic balance in the timed up and go and gait speeds tests, and static balance in the single-leg test and functional reach test when compared with the control group in the meta-analysis. Adverse events were found in only one study, and the training parameters were heterogeneous.


CONCLUSION
TCC improves older adults with both dynamic and static balance. The results of the parameters indicate a direction in which TCC is prescribed for clinical practice with minimal or no risk of adverse effects.

Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on Older Adults' Balance: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

Effect of Tai Chi exercise on lower limb function and balance ability in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

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Effect of Tai Chi exercise on lower limb function and balance ability in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A protocol of a randomized controlled trial.