Laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes

Carbon-rich organic fertilizers to increase soil biodiversity: Evidence from a meta-analysis of nematode communities

In tropical forest ecosystems, highly weathered soils are often considered as relatively nitrogen-rich but phosphorus-poor. Nutrient availability greatly regulates ecosystem processes and functions of tropical forests. However, little is known about how nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions affect the conditions of soil food web which is an important component of belowground ecosystems. In the present study, soil nematode communities were monitored and served as indicators of soil food web conditions under experimental nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a secondary forest in tropical China. The principal response curves of soil nematode community structure revealed same tendency of changes under nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions compared with control, in terms of nematode functional guild compositions: apparent successions from communities dominated by He3 and Ba1 to communities dominated by Ba2 and Fu2 occurred after nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions. The diversity of soil nematode genera was not sensitive to either nitrogen or phosphorus addition. Phosphorus addition significantly suppressed total nematode density, density of omnivore-predators, and four nematode faunal indices (i.e. MI25, EI, SI, and SFI), but increased two faunal indices (i.e. CI and BaI). However, nitrogen addition did not induce remarkable changes of these variables in the present study. Our results suggest that nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions suppress soil nematodes in tropical secondary forests, which was inconsistent with our expectation that nitrogen addition was detrimental to and phosphorus addition was conducive to soil nematodes in this nitrogen-rich but phosphorus-poor soil. Furthermore, the effects of phosphorus addition are more powerful than the effects of nitrogen addition. Moreover, phosphorus addition degrades the structure and trophic links of the soil food web, reduces the carbon utilization of soil nematodes, and leads to a more fungal dominated decomposition pathway. The alterations of soil food web conditions might result in altered ecosystem functioning. Our findings could provide a better understanding of the responses of soil food web to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in nitrogen-rich but phosphorus-poor soils.

Effects of experimental nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions on soil nematode communities in a secondary tropical forest

Soil spatial heterogeneity is a major determinant of biological diversity and functions. Among soil biota, nematodes are considered as excellent models for understanding spatial soil ecology due to their broad niche, with respect to diet, lifestyle and living habitat. Their distribution, community composition and functional diversity in heterogeneous environments provide insight into identification of factors that driving spatial heterogeneity of populations and activities of soil organisms. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on spatial ecology of soil nematodes providing new testable hypotheses and proposing new directions for future research. We evaluate recent studies on the latitudinal patterns of soil nematodes and summarize key determinants of nematode spatial distribution from global to micro (millimeter) scales. We found that the relative contribution of drivers influencing nematode distribution varied across spatial scales, and soil properties (e.g., soil organic matter) that operate at all spatial scales were key drivers. We suggest that two biological interactions, i.e., nematode-prey interactions and nematode-host interactions, are the most important determinants of the patchy distribution of microbes and plants from micro to field scales. Future research directions should include study of vector-mediated dispersal ecology, distribution pattern of functional traits at large scales, global change-induced distribution of populations, diversity and functional traits. Overall, this review extends our knowledge of nematode spatial ecology and provides a research orientation for further investigation of soil spatial ecology to meet global challenges.

Spatial ecology of soil nematodes: Perspectives from global to micro scales

Soil nematode communities and food web indices can inform about the complexity, nutrient flows and decomposition pathways of soil food webs, reflecting soil quality. Relative abundance of nematode feeding and life‐history groups are used for calculating food web indices, i.e., maturity index (MI), enrichment index (EI), structure index (SI) and channel index (CI). Molecular methods to study nematode communities potentially offer advantages compared to traditional methods in terms of resolution, throughput, cost and time. In spite of such advantages, molecular data have not often been adopted so far to assess the effects of soil management on nematode communities and to calculate these food web indices. Here, we used high‐throughput amplicon sequencing to investigate the effects of tillage (conventional vs. reduced) and organic matter addition (low vs. high) on nematode communities and food web indices in 10 European long‐term field experiments and we assessed the relationship between nematode communities and soil parameters. We found that nematode communities were more strongly affected by tillage than by organic matter addition. Compared to conventional tillage, reduced tillage increased nematode diversity (23% higher Shannon diversity index), nematode community stability (12% higher MI), structure (24% higher SI), and the fungal decomposition channel (59% higher CI), and also the number of herbivorous nematodes (70% higher). Total and labile organic carbon, available K and microbial parameters explained nematode community structure. Our findings show that nematode communities are sensitive indicators of soil quality and that molecular profiling of nematode communities has the potential to reveal the effects of soil management on soil quality.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/mec.15270

Reduced tillage, but not organic matter input, increased nematode diversity and food web stability in European long-term field experiments.

Soil nematodes are sensitive to environmental changes and are used widely as indicators of soil conditions. The community structure and diversity of soil nematodes were studied in different long-term land use regimes in the black soil area in Northeast China. The land use regimes were maintained for 22 years, and included crop land (CL), grass land (GL) and bare land (BL). Soil samples were taken throughout the growing season, and nematodes were extracted and identified. A total of 39 nematode genera with relative abundance over 0.1 % were identified. Heterodera was the dominant genus in CL; Boleodorus was the dominant genus in GL, and Boleodorus, Eucephalobus and Filenchus were the dominant genera in BL. Land use had a significant effect on abundance of all soil nematode tropic groups and ecological indices. Sampling time had an effect on soil nematode abundance, but only on three of the eight nematode ecological indices MI (maturity index of free-living nematode), CI (channel index) and EI (enrichment index). SR (species richness index) was highest in GL where plant species diversity was also high. The CI was the highest in BL among three land uses, which means the soil food web dominated, with fungal decomposition channels in BL. Soil nematode community structure and diversity was shown to be an effective and informative tool for analyzing ecological aspects of land use in black soil regions. The data are inconclusive as to whether the effect of land use on soil nematode parameters is direct, or indirect via inducing changes in soil physicochemical properties.

Response of soil nematode community structure and diversity to long-term land use in the black soil region in China

Responses of soil nematode community structure to different long-term fertilizer strategies in the soybean phase of a soybean–wheat–corn rotation

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Response of soil nematode community structure and diversity to long-term land use in the black soil region in China

Responses of soil nematode community structure to different long-term fertilizer strategies in the soybean phase of a soybean–wheat–corn rotation