Agricultural production system is extremely vulnerable to climate change, and this change will heavily affect the grain yields, thereby threating the food security worldwide. People from developing countries are at greatest risk of experiencing food insecurity, and today, millions of people are going to bed hungry. Wheat is serving as a staple food for millions of people around the world. Development of high-yielding wheat varieties during the Green Revolution is considered an important event in agricultural history. However, these plant breeding activities also resulted in genetic erosion in wheat. Moreover, it is also believed that after domestication process, selection process also resulted in the loss of genetic diversity of wheat. Therefore, commercial wheat cultivars are prone to various biotic and abiotic stresses. To combat with climate changes and to serve enough quantity of food with quality, there is a need to harness wheat landraces. Landraces are considered as repository of gene pool that enhance the biodiversity and maintain and stabilize the ecosystem in a sustainable way to make it functional. Wheat landraces are traditional crop populations developed by the farmers through natural and human selection under their years of cultivations and have adaptation to local environment and management practices. Wheat landraces have more genetic diversity compared to their cultivated ones, and breeding community has utilized their potential in development of climate-resilient wheat cultivars. Here, we are exploring the role of landraces in wheat breeding and hoping that provided information will catch the attention of breeding community to collect, conserve, and perform breeding activities using wheat landraces.

Contribution of Landraces in Wheat Breeding

Leaf rust (Puccinia recondite f. sp. Tritici) is the prevalent wheat (Triticum aestivum) disease in many areas of the world. The preferred method of control is to introduce resistance genes against this disease into elite wheat germplasm, an approach that is more environmentally friendly than applying fungicides and that has underpinned sustained wheat production to date. Identifying new adult-plant resistance (APR) genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for leaf rust resistance can expand the sources of disease resistance and contribute to breeding for durable resistance, allowing the pyramiding of multiple APR genes in elite wheat lines. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, together with the bulked segregant and single nucleotide polymorphism analyses (BSA and SNP), were used to identify QTL in F2:3 lines derived from Xu’ai and Zhengzhou 5389. Yield data for the population lines were used to detect QTL by inclusive composite interval mapping analysis. Six QTL were identified, namely, QLr.hebau-1BL, QLr.hebau-2AS, QLr.hebau-2BS, QLr.hebau-2BL, QLr.hebau-4B and QLr.hebau-6AL. Both QLr.hebau-2BS and QLr.hebau-4B were detected in five environments, explaining 23.1–37.5% and 7.6–18.3% of the phenotypic variation for resistance, respectively. After analysis, QLr.hebau-1BL and QLr.hebau-4B were identified as Lr46 and Lr12, respectively. QLr.hebau-2BS is very close to the temperature-sensitive gene LrZH22, but requires further detection. QLr.hebau-2AS, QLr.hebau-2BL and QLr.hebau-6AL constitute new resistance loci. These genes or QTL for reduced disease severity were derived from the resistant parent Xu’ai. The QTL identified and their flanking markers could be useful for fine mapping and marker-assisted selection (MAS).

QTL mapping of adult-plant resistance to leaf rust based on SSR markers and SNP sequencing of Chinese wheat landrace Xu’ai (Triticum aestivum L.)

Puccinia triticina, which is the causative agent of wheat leaf rust, is widely spread in China and most other wheat-planting countries around the globe. Cultivating resistant wheat cultivars is the most economical, effective, and environmentally friendly method for controlling leaf rust-caused yield damage. Exploring the source of resistance is very important in wheat resistance breeding programs. In order to explore more effective resistance sources for wheat leaf rust, the resistance of 112 wheat accessions introduced from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System were identified using a mixture of pathogenic isolates of THTT, THTS, PHTT, THJT and THJS which are the most predominant races in China. As a result, all of these accessions showed high resistance at seedling stage, of which, ninety-nine accessions exhibited resistance at adult plant stage. Eleven molecular markers of eight effective leaf rust resistance genes in China were used to screen the 112 accessions. Seven effective leaf rust resistance genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr28, Lr29, Lr38 and Lr45 were detected, except Lr47. Twenty-three accessions had only one of those seven effective leaf rust resistance gene. Eleven accessions carried Lr24+Lr38, and 7 accessions carried Lr9+Lr24+Lr38, Lr24+Lr38+Lr45, Lr24+Lr29+Lr38 and Lr19+Lr38+Lr45 respectively. The remaining seventy-one accessions had none of those eight effective leaf rust resistance genes. This study will provide theoretical guidance for rational utilization of these introduted wheat accessions directly or for breeding the resistant wheat cultivars.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-resistance-to-chinese-predominant-races-of-3vuwv9jx.pdf

Evaluation of the resistance to Chinese predominant races of Puccinia triticina and analysis of effective leaf rust resistance genes in wheat accessions from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System

Aegilops tauschii is one of the malignant weeds that affect wheat production and is also the wild species ancestor of the D genome of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD). It contains many disease resistance genes that have been lost in the long-term evolution of wheat and is an important genetic resource for the mining and utilization of wheat disease resistance genes. In recent years, the genome sequence of Aegilops tauschii has been preliminarily completed, which has laid a good foundation for the further exploration of wheat disease resistance genes in Aegilops tauschii. There are many studies on disease resistance genes in Aegilops tauschii; in order to provide better help for the disease resistance breeding of wheat, this paper analyzes and reviews the relationship between Aegilops tauschii and wheat, the research progress of Aegilops tauschii, the discovery of disease resistance genes from Aegilops tauschii, and the application of disease resistance genes from Aegilops tauschii to modern wheat breeding, providing a reference for the further exploration and utilization of Aegilops tauschii in wheat disease resistance breeding.

/pdf/advances-in-the-mining-of-disease-resistance-genes-from-2zkzonyr.pdf

Advances in the Mining of Disease Resistance Genes from Aegilops tauschii and the Utilization in Wheat

The invention relates to an SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) site of an anti-wheat leaf rust gene Lr13 and application of the SNP site The SNP site is positioned at a 157695819 locus of a 2B chromosome of wheat, and a KASP (kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction) primer combination capable of amplifying the SNP site comprise three primers of SEQ ID NO2, SEQ ID NO3 and SEQ IDNO4 The SNP site interlinked with the anti-wheat leaf rust gene Lr13 is screened, designed and developed, in addition, the KASP primer combination is designed for the SNP site, the type of the SNP site can be accurately identified through the KASP primer combination, then a wheat strain with the anti-wheat leaf rust gene Lr13 can be screened, the selection efficiency can be improved, the anti-disease breeding progress of wheat can be accelerated, and the target of pyramiding breeding of multiple anti-disease genes can be achieved

SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) site of anti-wheat leaf rust gene Lr13 and application of SNP site

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

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Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes