Cellular structures consist of foams, honeycombs, and lattices. Lattices have many outstanding properties over foams and honeycombs, such as lightweight, high strength, absorbing energy, and reducing vibration, which has been extensively studied and concerned. Because of excellent properties, lattice structures have been widely used in aviation, bio-engineering, automation, and other industrial fields. In particular, the application of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used for fabricating lattice structures has pushed the development of designing lattice structures to a new stage and made a breakthrough progress. By searching a large number of research literature, the primary work of this paper reviews the lattice structures. First, based on the introductions about lattices of literature, the definition and classification of lattice structures are concluded. Lattice structures are divided into two general categories in this paper: uniform and non-uniform. Second, the performance and application of lattice structures are introduced in detail. In addition, the fabricating methods of lattice structures, i.e., traditional processing and additive manufacturing, are evaluated. Third, for uniform lattice structures, the main concern during design is to develop highly functional unit cells, which in this paper is summarized as three different methods, i.e., geometric unit cell based, mathematical algorithm generated, and topology optimization. Forth, non-uniform lattice structures are reviewed from two aspects of gradient and topology optimization. These methods include Voronoi-tessellation, size gradient method (SGM), size matching and scaling (SMS), and homogenization, optimization, and construction (HOC). Finally, the future development of lattice structures is prospected from different aspects.

Design and Optimization of Lattice Structures: A Review

Influence of the pore size and porosity of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V ELI porous scaffold on cell proliferation, osteogenesis and bone ingrowth.

Selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V alloy: Process parameters, defects and post-treatments

Review on lattice structures for energy absorption properties

The interior porous defects formed during the layer-by-layer fabrication process have attracted increasing attention for different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques and are regarded as a crucial factor affecting the overall performance. In this work, aiming at the cold spray Ti6Al4V bulk materials, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment is adopted to reduce the interior defects, adjust the microstructure, and improve the mechanical properties. To characterize the pore morphologies and porosity evolution, the CS Ti6Al4V sample is characterized by optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography (XCT). The 3D reconstructions by XCT show that the fully dense Ti6Al4V alloy can be obtained through the high temperature diffusion and high pressure compacting of the HIP sample. After the HIP treatment, the severely deformed grains experience an obvious growth with the uniformly distributed β precipitates around equiaxed α grains. The tensile test shows that the strength of CS Ti6Al4V alloys can be largely improved by the enhanced diffusion and resultant metallurgical bonding. With the HIP treatment, the CS samples exhibit highly densified morphology and adjusted microstructure that can benefit the improvement of mechanical properties.

Effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by cold spray additive manufacturing

Mechanical and in vitro study of an isotropic Ti6Al4V lattice structure fabricated using selective laser melting

Microstructure and mechanical deformation behavior of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V ELI alloy porous structures

The effect of initial Fe content on the iron removal efficiency, morphology evolution of the Fe-rich phase and the mechanical properties of the recycled Al-7Si-xFe-1.2xMn alloy during melt holding was studied using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tensile testing. The results show that with the increase of the initial Fe content, the residual Fe concentration of the alloys gradually increased, and the corresponding removal efficiency of Fe gradually was increased to 77.67%. The type of Fe-rich phase in the alloys changes from α-Al15(FeMn)3Si2 to a mixture of α-Al15(FeMn)3Si2 and β-Al5FeSi, and its morphological evolution is as follows: coarse Chinese-script + polygon → dense Chinese-script + polygon → polygonal + dense Chinese-script + plate-like. Furthermore, the morphology of the Fe-rich phase in the slag changes from a polygonal shape to an irregular shape with a two-layer structure. The formation and increase of the inner layer with high Mn-content in the irregular-shape phase is the main reason for the increasing residual Fe content. The plasticity of the alloy increases obviously with the increase of the initial Fe content, but the formation of the β-Al5FeSi with plate-like morphology in higher Fe-containing alloy may hinder further improvement of the plasticity.

/pdf/effect-of-initial-fe-content-on-microstructure-and-6hah1n8d.pdf

Effect of Initial Fe Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Al-7.0Si-Fe-Mn Alloys with Constant Mn/Fe Ratio

Effects of Spinning Process on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of 5A06 Aluminum Alloy

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Mechanical and in vitro study of an isotropic Ti6Al4V lattice structure fabricated using selective laser melting

Microstructure and mechanical deformation behavior of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V ELI alloy porous structures

Effect of Initial Fe Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Al-7.0Si-Fe-Mn Alloys with Constant Mn/Fe Ratio

Effects of Spinning Process on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of 5A06 Aluminum Alloy