After many years in the family Vibrionaceae, the genus Plesiomonas, represented by a single species, P. shigelloides, currently resides in the family Enterobacteriaceae, although its most appropriate phylogenetic position may yet to be determined. Common environmental reservoirs for plesiomonads include freshwater ecosystems and estuaries and inhabitants of these aquatic environs. Long suspected as being an etiologic agent of bacterial gastroenteritis, convincing evidence supporting this conclusion has accumulated over the past 2 decades in the form of a series of foodborne outbreaks solely or partially attributable to P. shigelloides. The prevalence of P. shigelloides enteritis varies considerably, with higher rates reported from Southeast Asia and Africa and lower numbers from North America and Europe. Reasons for these differences may include hygiene conditions, dietary habits, regional occupations, or other unknown factors. Other human illnesses caused by P. shigelloides include septicemia and central nervous system disease, eye infections, and a variety of miscellaneous ailments. For years, recognizable virulence factors potentially associated with P. shigelloides pathogenicity were lacking; however, several good candidates now have been reported, including a cytotoxic hemolysin, iron acquisition systems, and lipopolysaccharide. While P. shigelloides is easy to identify biochemically, it is often overlooked in stool samples due to its smaller colony size or relatively low prevalence in gastrointestinal samples. However, one FDA-approved PCR-based culture-independent diagnostic test system to detect multiple enteropathogens (FilmArray) includes P. shigelloides on its panel. Plesiomonads produce β-lactamases but are typically susceptible to many first-line antimicrobial agents, including quinolones and carbapenems.

Plesiomonas shigelloides Revisited

Plesiomonas shigelloides is a Gram-negative, motile and oxidase-positive bacterium that is widely distributed in nature. It is also a significant pathogen causing mainly intestinal diseases in humans. Diarrhoea is the leading symptom of most of these infections and may occur as a watery, invasive and chronic form. Foodand waterborne outbreaks of intestinal infections due to Plesiomonas have been reported. P. shigelloides also causes a variety of extraintestinal infections with high mortality rates; sepsis and meningitis represent the most common extraintestinal forms of disease. In spite of its close phylogenetic relationship to other Enterobacteriaceae, P. shigelloides is biochemically distant from other species of this family. One biovar, but more than 100 serovars have been described. P. shigelloides is thermo-, alkali-, acidoand halotolerant and has been discussed as a ‘natural’ vaccine against shigellosis. In the laboratory, Plesiomonas appears inconspicuous on the surface of several agar plates, and some enteric media are known to inhibit its growth. Plesiomonas shows unusual antibiotic susceptibility patterns, its susceptibility to some agents is highly dependent on inoculum size. The formation of extensive cell filamentation at high bacterial densities in the presence of certain -lactam antibiotics is distinctive. & 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Plesiomonas shigelloides: an emerging pathogen with unusual properties

We report the autochthonous existence of Vibrio cholerae in coastal waters of Iceland, a geothermally active country where cholera is absent and has never been reported. Seawater, mussel, and macroalgae samples were collected close to and distant from sites where geothermal activity causes a significant increase in water temperature during low tides. V. cholerae was detected only at geothermal-influenced sites during low-tides. None of the V. cholerae isolates encoded cholera toxin (ctxAB) and all were non-O1/non-O139 serogroups. However, all isolates encoded other virulence factors that are associated with cholera as well as extra-intestinal V. cholerae infections. The virulence factors were functional at temperatures of coastal waters of Iceland, suggesting an ecological role. It is noteworthy that V. cholerae was isolated from samples collected at sites distant from anthropogenic influence, supporting the conclusion that V. cholerae is autochthonous to the aquatic environment of Iceland.

/pdf/vibrio-cholerae-in-a-historically-cholera-free-country-4qmf37nc8y.pdf

Vibrio cholerae in a historically cholera-free country

Plesiomonas shigelloides is a unique Gram-negative polarly flagellated pathogenic bacterium native to aquatic animals and environments. The genus Plesiomonas consists of a single homogeneous species. Its metabolism is similar to that of the genus Vibrio in that sugars are fermented with acid production but no gas. 5S rDNA sequencing has indicated the organism to be closely related to the genus Proteus. Diarrhea is the major symptom although extra intestinal infections, including septicemia, are known to occur with predisposed individuals. Oysters are the major food incriminated in outbreaks in the United States. A temperature of 42–44°C is recommended for isolation to eliminate aeromonads. The utilization of inositol with acid production is a unique characteristic of the organism that is exploited with several agar media developed for its selective and differential isolation. The organism is β-hemolytic and produces a cholera-like (CL) enterotoxin in addition to a thermostabile (TS) and a thermolabile lab...

Plesiomonas shigelloides - An Aquatic Food Borne Pathogen: A Review of its Characteristics, Pathogenicity, Ecology, and Molecular Detection

Foodborne disease comprises a broad group of illnesses caused by the consumption of foods contaminated with toxic substances or pathogenic microorganisms. The agents responsible for foodborne illnesses can be divided into four general categories: chemical (e.g., mushroom or scombroid poisoning), parasitic (e.g., Trichinella or Giardia), viral (e.g., hepatitis A or Norwalk virus), and bacterial (e.g., Salmonella or Campylobacter). Only the bacterial will be considered in this chapter.

Bacterial Foodborne Disease

AIM: During emergency period, infectious diseases can be a major threat to military forces. During field training in southern China, diarrhea is the main cause of nonbattle injury. To evaluate the causes of and risk factors for diarrhea in emergency period, we collected clinical and epidemiological data from the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) during field training in southern China.

METHODS: From September 25 to October 2 1997, 2636 military personnel were investigated. Fecal sample cultures for lapactic pathogens were obtained from 103 military personnel with diarrhea. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 103 cases and 206 controls to evaluate the association between illness and potential risk factors. At the same time, another questionnaire of 1:4 case-case control was administered to 22 severe cases (each severe case paired 4 mild cases).

RESULTS: The training troop’s diarrhea incidence rate was significantly higher than that of garrison. The diarrhea incidence rate of officers was significantly lower than that of soldiers. A lapactic pathogen was identified in 63.1% (65/103) of the troops with diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (35.0%) and plesiomona shigelloides (16.5%) were the most common bacterial pathogens. All bacterial isolates were sensitive to norfloxacin and ceftazidine. However, almost all of them were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, furazolidone, ampicillin and cloromycetin to a different degree. Risk factors associated with diarrhea included drinking raw water, eating outside, contacting diarrhea patients, lacking sanitation, depression, lacking sleep, which were established by multiple-factor logistic regression analysis. In addition, the unit incidence rate was associated with the density of flies and the average daily boiled water available by regression and discriminate analysis.

CONCLUSION: A series of risk factors are associated with the incidence rate of diarrhea. Our results may provide a useful basis for prevention and cure of diarrhea in emergency period of PLA.

Acute diarrhea during army field exercise in southern China

Specific detection of toxigenic vibrio cholerae based on in situ PCR in combination with flow cytometry.

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Acute diarrhea during army field exercise in southern China

Specific detection of toxigenic vibrio cholerae based on in situ PCR in combination with flow cytometry.