http://www.cell.com/article/S2589004222009610/pdf

Compound events and associated impacts in China

Abstract The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is the largest water conservancy project in the world. It significantly regulates discharge of the Changjiang River on a seasonal scale. It stores water in autumn and drains it during the following dry season. Although the effects of the TGR on various processes in the river, estuary, and adjacent seas have been studied extensively, the TGR's influence on saltwater intrusion around the estuary and its impacts on vital freshwater reservoirs have not been quantitatively evaluated. In this study, we used a well-validated numerical model to simulate the seasonal-scale saltwater intrusion around the Changjiang Estuary under scenarios with and without the TGR regulation. Results showed that during the autumn season, the TGR advanced the timing of saltwater intrusion and slightly increased its intensity. In contrast, as the TGR supplemented river discharge during the dry season, saltwater intrusion around the freshwater reservoirs was significantly suppressed. Moreover, duration of saline water (salinity>0.45, the standard for drinking water) at the Dongfengxisha, Chenhang, and Qingcaosha Reservoirs was shortened by about 16%, 73.1%, and 48%, respectively. The model results showed that overall, operation of the TGR is basically favorable for reducing the burden of freshwater supplement in the high-populated estuarine region.

Influence of Seasonal Runoff Regulation by the Three Gorges Reservoir on Saltwater Intrusion in the Changjiang River Estuary

Advances on the circulation in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea (YS) coastal waters in the recent decades (2000-2020) are synthesized in this review. The circulation over the complicated bathymetry in the region is locally driven by winds, tides, as well as riverine discharge, and is remotely influenced by shelf currents between the 50-m and 100-m isobaths through the cross-shelf exchanges. The interchange of the momentum and the freshwater pathway inside the Changjiang Estuary are jointly determined by tides and seasonally varying discharge and winds over the shelf. The buoyant waters are trapped inside the bulge that forms and expands over the shelf to the west of the 30-m isobath in the vicinity of Hangzhou Bay and the Changjiang Estuary. These buoyant waters are exported offshore by the shelf current, tidal mixing, and variations of wind patterns, forming the Changjiang River plume, which shows notable seasonality due to the reversal of both winds and shelf currents in the ECS and YS. Extensive spatial irregularities in the form of freshwater patches is present along its pathway to the Tsushima Strait in summer and to the Taiwan Strait in winter, respectively. Tides and the bathymetry irregularity have recently been found to play critical roles in determining the cross-shelf exchanges of water mass and momentum along the pathway of the ECS coastal current, and along this pathway, a year-round upslope intrusion of shelf waters appears in both summer and winter. Tides also play an important role in altering the expansion of the Changjiang River plume, cross-shelf extrusion of waters, and variation in the Yellow Sea Coastal Current over the shallow Subei Shoal.

/pdf/advances-on-coastal-and-estuarine-circulations-around-the-1f8gngvwll.pdf

Advances on Coastal and Estuarine Circulations Around the Changjiang Estuary in the Recent Decades (2000–2020)

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S0048969722027371/pdf/S0048969722027371.pdf

Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers in the contiguous United States - A systematic review of investigation approaches and monitoring networks.

. Estuarine saltwater intrusions are mainly controlled by
river discharge and tides. Unexpectedly, an extremely severe saltwater
intrusion event occurred in February 2014 in the Changjiang estuary under
normal river discharge conditions. This intrusion cut off the freshwater
input for 23 d into the Qingcaosha reservoir, which is the largest
estuarine reservoir in the world, creating a severe threat to water safety
in Shanghai. No similar catastrophic saltwater intrusion has occurred since
records of salinity in the estuary have been kept. During the event, a
persistent and strong northerly wind existed, with a maximum speed of 17.6 m s −1 , lasting 9 d and coinciding with a distinct water level rise. Our study demonstrates that the extremely severe saltwater intrusion was caused by this northerly wind, which drove substantial landward net water transport to form a horizontal estuarine circulation that flowed into the northern channel and out of the southern channel. This landward net water transport overpowered the seaward-flowing river runoff and transported a
large volume of highly saline water into the northern channel. The mechanisms of this severe saltwater intrusion event, including the northerly wind,
residual water level rise, landward water transport and resulting horizontal circulation, etc., were systematically investigated.

/pdf/dynamic-mechanism-of-an-extremely-severe-saltwater-intrusion-52qos4qv2u.pdf

Dynamic mechanism of an extremely severe saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang estuary in February 2014

Saltwater intrusion in estuaries is mainly controlled by tides and river discharge, as well as by topography and other factors. The Changjiang estuary has been seen a significant change in its topography from the data obtained in 2007 and 2017. In this study, a well-validated 3D numerical model was used to simulate and analyze the residual water and salt transport, water diversion ratio (WDR) in bifurcated channels and water resources in the Changjiang Estuary in 2007 and 2017. The comparisons of the model results showed that due to the North Branch becoming much shallower and narrower over the period from 2007 to 2017, the overall salinity in the North Branch decreased and the intensity of saltwater spillover (SSO) from the North Branch into the South Branch weakened. In the North Channel, the simulated residual or net transection water flux (NTWF) and WDR decreased during spring tides, resulting in increased saltwater intrusion. During neap tides, the saltwater intrusion was weakened despite the decreased NTWF and WDR because the water depth at the river mouth became shallower. The changes of topography during that period also resulted in changes of DWR, NTWF, salt transport across the tidal flats and dykes in the North Passage, South Passage and the South Channel, as well as overall dynamic mechanism. The results indicated that the salinity at the water intakes of the three reservoirs in the estuary slightly decreased, indicating that the time that reservoirs can take water from the estuary become longer in dry seasons. In the scenario of complete silt-up of the North Branch, the saltwater intrusion was weakened in the South Branch because of the disappearance of the SSO, which was favorable for the utilization of freshwater resources, but enhanced in the North Channel, North and South Passages. The overall influence from the topographic change over the period is that the saltwater intrusion is weakened in the North Branch, and enhanced during spring tides and weakened during neap tides in the North Channel, North and South Passages. Sediment accretion in the North Branch is favorable for utilization of freshwater resources.

/pdf/impacts-of-topography-change-on-saltwater-intrusion-over-the-2kqn5ploiw.pdf

Impacts of topography change on saltwater intrusion over the past decade in the Changjiang Estuary

Impact of estuarine reclamation projects on saltwater intrusion and freshwater resource

Chen, Q.; Zhu, J.; Lyu, H., and Chen, S., 2019. Determining critical river discharge as a means to provide water supply security to the Changjiang River Estuary, China. Journal of Coastal ...

Determining Critical River Discharge as a Means to Provide Water Supply Security to the Changjiang River Estuary, China

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Impacts of topography change on saltwater intrusion over the past decade in the Changjiang Estuary

Impact of estuarine reclamation projects on saltwater intrusion and freshwater resource

Determining Critical River Discharge as a Means to Provide Water Supply Security to the Changjiang River Estuary, China