Photoluminescent carbon nanoparticles, or carbon dots, are an emerging class of materials that has recently attracted considerable attention for biomedical and energy applications. They are defined by characteristic sizes of <10 nm, a carbon-based core and the possibility to add various functional groups at their surface for targeted applications. These nanomaterials possess many interesting physicochemical and optical properties, which include tunable light emission, dispersibility and low toxicity. In this Review, we categorize how chemical tools impact the properties of carbon dots. We look for pre- and postsynthetic approaches for the preparation of carbon dots and their derivatives or composites. We then showcase examples to correlate structure, composition and function and use them to discuss the future development of this class of nanomaterials. This Review discusses synthetic strategies to functionalize photoluminescent carbon nanomaterials, or carbon dots, for targeted applications. 

https://zenodo.org/record/6961902/files/NatNanotechnol_Zenodo.pdf

A multifunctional chemical toolbox to engineer carbon dots for biomedical and energy applications

The synthetic strategies, photoluminescence mechanisms and promising applications of carbon dots: Current state and future perspective

Carbon dots (CDs), comprising crystalline graphitized carbon cores and polymer surface groups, are currently attracting a lot of interest in biological fields owing to their fluorescent properties, high photostability, biocompatibility and low toxicity. In addition, the easy preparation and functionalization of CDs stimulate the development of CDs‐based composite materials with specific functions. Presently, the biological applications of CDs are growing at a remarkable speed, justifying the need for up‐to‐date review articles that capture recent progress in this blossoming field. In this review, breakthroughs in the synthesis, modification, optical properties, toxicology and biocatalytic platforms of CDs are described. Further, recent research related to bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, antibacterial, anticancer (photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and synergistic therapy) and antiviral therapies involving CDs are discussed in detail. Finally, a perspective on the prospects and challenges of CDs in the fields of biomedicine and biotechnology is provided.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/smsc.202200012

Carbon Dots in Bioimaging, Biosensing and Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review

Water-soluble red afterglow imaging agents based on ecofriendly nanomaterials have potential application in time-gated afterglow bioimaging due to their larger penetration depth and nondurable excitation. Herein, red afterglow imaging agents consisted of Rhodamine B (RhB) and carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been designed and demonstrated. In these agents, CNDs act as energy donors, and RhB acts as an energy acceptor. Both of them are confined into a hydrophilic silica shell to form a CNDs-RhB@silica nanocomposite. The phosphorescence emission spectrum of the CNDs and the absorption spectrum of the RhB match well, and efficient energy transfer from the CNDs to the RhB via Forster resonant energy transfer process can be achieved, with a transfer efficiency can reach 99.2%. Thus, the as-prepared nanocomposite can emit a red afterglow in aqueous solution, and the afterglow spectrum of CNDs-RhB@silica nanocomposite can extend to the first near-infrared window (NIR-I). The luminescence lifetime and afterglow quantum yield (QY) of the CNDs-RhB@silica can reach 0.91 s and 3.56%, respectively, which are the best results in red afterglow region. Time-gated in vivo afterglow imaging has been demonstrated by using the CNDs-RhB@silica as afterglow agents.

Phosphorescent Carbon-Nanodots-Assisted Förster Resonant Energy Transfer for Achieving Red Afterglow in an Aqueous Solution.

The fabrication of chiral molecules into macroscopic systems has many valuable applications, especially in the fields of optical displays, data encryption, information storage, and so on. Here, we design and prepare a serious of supramolecular glasses (SGs) based on Zn-L-Histidine complexes, via an evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) strategy. Metal-ligand interactions between the zinc(II) ion and chiral L-Histidine endow the SGs with interesting circularly polarized afterglow (CPA). Multicolored CPA emissions from blue to red with dissymmetry factor as high as 9.5 × 10-3 and excited-state lifetime up to 356.7 ms are achieved under ambient conditions. Therefore, this work not only communicates the bulk SGs with wide-tunable afterglow and large circular polarization, but also provides an EISA method for the macroscopic self-assembly of chiral metal-organic hybrids toward photonic applications. 

/pdf/supramolecular-glasses-with-color-tunable-circularly-sta1c6fn.pdf

Supramolecular glasses with color-tunable circularly polarized afterglow through evaporation-induced self-assembly of chiral metal–organic complexes

Phosphorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) have various attractive properties and potential applications, but it remains a formidable challenge to achieve large-scale phosphorescent CNDs limited by current methods Herein, a large-scale synthesis method for phosphorescent CNDs has been demonstrated via precursors’ self-exothermic reaction at room temperature The as-prepared CNDs show fluorescence and phosphorescence property, which are comparable with that synthesized by solvothermal and microwave method Experimental and computational studies indicate that exotic atom doped sp2 hybridized carbon core works as an emissive center, which facilities the intersystem crossing from singlet state to triplet state The CNDs show phosphorescence with tunable lifetimes from 193 ms to 113 s at different temperatures The demonstration of large-scale synthesis of phosphorescent CNDs at room temperature opens up a new window for room temperature fabrication phosphorescent CNDs

Self-exothermic reaction driven large-scale synthesis of phosphorescent carbon nanodots

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Phosphorescent Carbon-Nanodots-Assisted Förster Resonant Energy Transfer for Achieving Red Afterglow in an Aqueous Solution.

Self-exothermic reaction driven large-scale synthesis of phosphorescent carbon nanodots