The current demands of sustainable green methodologies have increased the use of enzymatic technology in industrial processes. Employment of enzyme as biocatalysts offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, biodegradability and catalytic efficiency. The harsh conditions of industrial processes, however, increase propensity of enzyme destabilization, shortening their industrial lifespan. Consequently, the technology of enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to circumvent these concerns by enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and also simplify downstream processing and improve operational stability. There are several techniques used to immobilize the enzymes onto supports which range from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages, to the irreversible stable covalent bonds. Such techniques produce immobilized enzymes of varying stability due to changes in the surface microenvironment and degree of multipoint attachment. Hence, it is mandatory to obtain information about the structure of the enzyme protein following interaction with the support surface as well as interactions of the enzymes with other proteins. Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes. These technologies are pertinent to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13102818.2015.1008192

An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes

Probing liquid/solid interfaces at the molecular level.

The electrocatalytic properties of nanoparticles depend on their size, shape and composition1,2. These properties are typically probed by measuring the total electrocatalytic reaction current of a large number of nanoparticles, but this approach is time-consuming and can only measure the average catalytic activity of the nanoparticles under study. However, the identification of new catalysts requires the ability to rapidly measure the properties of nanoparticles synthesized under various conditions and, ideally, to measure the electrocatalytic activity of individual nanoparticles. Here, we show that a plasmonic-based electrochemical current-imaging technique3 can simultaneously image and quantify the electrocatalytic reactions of an array of 1.6 × 105 platinum nanoparticles printed on an electrode surface, which could facilitate high-throughput screening of the catalytic activities of nanoparticles. We also show that the approach can be used to image the electrocatalytic reaction current and measure the cyclic voltammograms of single nanoparticles. A plasmonic-based electrochemical current imaging technique can be used to study the electrocatalytic properties of individual platinum nanoparticles.

Imaging the electrocatalytic activity of single nanoparticles.

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), is a recent analytical technique in electrochemistry, which was developed in the 1990s and uses microelectrodes to probe various surfaces. Even with the well-known disc microelectrodes, the system geometry is not as simple as in regular electrochemistry. As a consequence even the simplest experiments, the so-called positive and negative feedback approach curves, cannot be described with exact analytical expressions. This review gathers all the analytical expressions available in the SECM literature in steady-state feedback experiments. Some of them are claimed as general expressions, other are presented as approximate. Their validity is discussed in the light of the current understanding and computer facilities.

Analytical Expressions for Quantitative Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)

This review focuses on some of the recent advances on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) applied to studies of heterogeneous chemical processes and chemical reactivity in materials involved in energy-related applications. The materials that are considered in the present review are mainly noble metals, metal coatings, and metal nanoparticles for electrochemical energy conversion systems such as fuel cells and batteries. In particular, the deposition of metal nanoparticles using SECM probes as well as studies of the chemical reactivity of noble metal nanoparticles for hydrogen evolution and hydrogen oxidation (HER and HOR, respectively), and oxygen evolution and reduction (OER and ORR, respectively) reactions are surveyed. Finally, this review will briefly describe some recent advances on the use of SECM as a novel tool for the investigation of electrocatalytic processes driven by enzymes for uses in biofuel cells.

Advances on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for energy

Review: Recent applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy to the study of charge transfer kinetics.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiol-derivatized tetraphenylporphyrin (SH-TPP) and cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin (SH-CoTPP) have been prepared to examine the structure and direct electron transfer (ET) on a gold electrode in an aqueous solution. The cyclic voltammetry peaks of the porphyrin were obviously observed in aqueous solution. An interesting phenomenon was that direct ET cannot occur in phosphate-buffered solutions when a highly oriented and tightly packed monolayer is in existence, but the relatively low-density SH-TPP SAMs exhibited good electrochemical response. The electron transfer rate constants were obtained from the impedance spectra (Cole−Cole plot), upon application of different biasing potentials to the modified electrode. We propose a new kinetic model of the ET processes of SAMs of thiol-derivatized porphyrin and apply the density functional theory (DFT) to study the ET of porphyrin molecules on Au surfaces.

Direct Electron Transfer of Thiol-Derivatized Tetraphenylporphyrin Assembled on Gold Electrodes in an Aqueous Solution

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Qin Wang

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Review: Recent applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy to the study of charge transfer kinetics.

Direct Electron Transfer of Thiol-Derivatized Tetraphenylporphyrin Assembled on Gold Electrodes in an Aqueous Solution