Design, and Applications Shutao Wang,†,‡ Kesong Liu, Xi Yao, and Lei Jiang*,†,‡,§ †Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interface Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, BeiHang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong P6903, People’s Republic of China

Bioinspired Surfaces with Superwettability: New Insight on Theory, Design, and Applications

Trichoderma as biostimulant: exploiting the multilevel properties of a plant beneficial fungus

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling modules downstream of receptors/sensors that perceive either endogenously produced stimuli such as peptide ligands and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or exogenously originated stimuli such as pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (P/MAMPs), pathogen-derived effectors, and environmental factors. In this review, we provide a historic view of plant MAPK research and summarize recent advances in the establishment of MAPK cascades as essential components in plant immunity, response to environmental stresses, and normal growth and development. Each tier of the MAPK cascades is encoded by a small gene family, and multiple members can function redundantly in a MAPK cascade. Yet, they carry out a diverse array of biological functions in plants. How the signaling specificity is achieved has become an interesting topic of MAPK research. Future investigation into the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the regulation of MAPK activation including the activation kinetics and magnitude in response to a stimulus, the spatiotemporal expression patterns of all the components in the signaling pathway, and functional characterization of novel MAPK substrates are central to our understanding of MAPK functions and signaling specificity in plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in plant signaling.

Superhydrophobic coatings have tremendous potential for applications in different fields and have been achieved commonly by increasing nanoscale roughness and lowering surface tension. Limited by the availability of either ideal nano-structural templates or simple fabrication procedures, the search of superhydrophobic coatings that are easy to manufacture and are robust in real-life applications remains challenging for both academia and industry. Herein, we report an unconventional protocol based on a single-step, stoichiometrically controlled reaction of long-chain organosilanes with water, which creates micro- to nano-scale hierarchical siloxane aggregates dispersible in industrial solvents (as the coating mixture). Excellent superhydrophobicity (ultrahigh water contact angle >170° and ultralow sliding angle <1°) has been attained on solid materials of various compositions and dimensions, by simply dipping into or spraying with the coating mixture. It has been demonstrated that these complete waterproof coatings hold excellent properties in terms of cost, scalability, robustness, and particularly the capability of encapsulating other functional materials (e.g. luminescent dyes). Artificial superhydrophobic coatings that are simple to prepare and practical to use are sought after. Here, the authors create versatile, complete-waterproof coatings based on a single-step, stoichiometrically controlled reaction of organosilanes with water.

/pdf/functional-and-versatile-superhydrophobic-coatings-via-20v3fygykw.pdf

Functional and versatile superhydrophobic coatings via stoichiometric silanization.

Summary
Artemisinin is a type of sesquiterpene lactone well known as an antimalarial drug, and is specifically produced in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua. However, the regulatory network for the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway remains poorly understood. Exploration of trichome-specific transcription factors would facilitate the elucidation of regulatory mechanism of artemisinin biosynthesis.
The WRKY transcription factor GLANDULAR TRICHOME-SPECIFIC WRKY 1 (AaGSW1) was cloned and analysed in A. annua. AaGSW1 exhibited similar expression patterns to the trichome-specific genes of the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway and AP2/ERF transcription factor AaORA. A β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining assay further demonstrated that AaGSW1 is a glandular trichome-specific transcription factor.
AaGSW1 positively regulates CYP71AV1 and AaORA expression by directly binding to the W-box motifs in their promoters. Overexpression of AaGSW1 in A. annua significantly improves artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid contents; moreover, AaGSW1 can be directly regulated by AaMYC2 and AabZIP1, which are positive regulators of jasmonate (JA)- and abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated artemisinin biosynthetic pathways, respectively.
These results demonstrate that AaGSW1 is a glandular trichome-specific WRKY transcription factor and a positive regulator in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, we propose that two trifurcate feed-forward pathways involving AaGSW1, CYP71AV1 and AaMYC2/AabZIP1 function in the JA/ABA response in A. annua.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.14373

GLANDULAR TRICHOME-SPECIFIC WRKY 1 promotes artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua.

Despite the abundance of phosphorus in soil, very little is available as phosphate (Pi) for plants. Plants often experience low Pi (LP) stress. Intensive studies have been conducted to reveal the mechanism used by plants to deal with LP; however, Pi sensing and signal transduction pathways are not fully understood. Using in-gel kinase assays, we determined the activities of MPK3 and MPK6 in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings under both LP and Pi-sufficient (Murashige and Skoog, MS) conditions. Using MKK9 mutant transgenic and crossed mutants, we analyzed the functions of MPK3 and MPK6 in regulating Pi responses of seedlings. The regulation of Pi responses by downstream components of MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 was also screened. LP treatment activated MPK3 and MPK6. Under both LP and MS conditions, mpk3 and mpk6 seedlings took up and accumulated less Pi than the wild-type; activation of MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 in transgenic seedlings induced the transcription of Pi acquisition-related genes and enhanced Pi uptake and accumulation, whereas its activation suppressed the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and anthocyanin accumulation; WRKY75 was downstream of MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 when regulating the accumulation of Pi and anthocyanin, and the transcription of Pi acquisition-related and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. These results suggest that the MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 cascade is part of the Pi signaling pathway in plants.

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/nph.12872

Activation of MKK9‐MPK3/MPK6 enhances phosphate acquisition in Arabidopsis thaliana

6-(N-Allyl-1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorododecyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol monosodium (ATP) was used to prepare polymeric thin films on pure aluminum plates to achieve a superhydrophobic surface. The electrochemical polymerization process of ATP on aluminum plates in NaNO2 aqueous solution and the formation of poly(6-(N-allyl-1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorododecyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol) (PATP) thin film were studied by means of optical ellipsometry and film weight. The chemical structure of the polymeric film is investigated using FT-IR spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Contact angle goniometry was applied to measure the contact angles with distilled water drops at ambient temperature. The experimental results indicate that the polymeric film formed on pure aluminum plates exhibits superhydrophobic properties with a distilled water contact angle of 153°. The electrochemical polymerization process is time-saving, inexpensive, environmentally friendly and fairly convenient to carry out. It is expected that this technique will advance the production of superhydrophobic materials with new applications on a large scale. Moreover, this kind of polymeric thin film can be used as a dielectric material due to its insulating features.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/14/11/4737/pdf

Preparation of superhydrophobic polymeric film on aluminum plates by electrochemical polymerization.

Practical adhesion of rubber to aluminum is measured for various aluminum silanization treatments In this study, 6-(3-triethoxysilylpropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol (TES) was used as the coupling agent for preparing self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) on an aluminum surface The structure and chemical composition of the SAMs were analyzed using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) The changes in the surface features of the aluminum surface due to TES treatment were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) The adhesive properties of the silanized aluminum surface and EPDM rubber have been evaluated by a T-peel strength test The results suggested that the Si-O-Al bonding at aluminum TES interface existed and a TES self-assembly monolayer was formed on the aluminum surface More than 60 KN/m adhesion strength is obtained when the aluminum is silanized with 25 mmol/dm(3) TES, cured at 160 degrees C and vulcanized with EPDM rubber at 160 degrees C for 30 min It is suggested that the TES self-assembly monolayer is bound to aluminum through its ethoxysilyl functional group, and the thiol function group is strongly crosslinked to EPDM rubber, respectively

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/14/10/4087/pdf

A new organofunctional ethoxysilane self-assembly monolayer for promoting adhesion of rubber to aluminum.

Background: Acute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) are characterized by systemic inflammation and high mortality, but there is no effective clinical treatment. As a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, MaHuang-LianQiao-ChiXiaoDou decoction (MHLQD) has been used clinically for centuries to treat liver diseases. Methods: The LPS/D−GalN-induced ALF mice model and the CCl4+LPS/D−GalN-induced ACLF mice model were used to observe the therapeutic effects of MHLQD on mice mortality, hepatocytes death, liver injury, and immune responses. Results: MHLQD treatment significantly improved mice mortality. Liver injury and systemic and hepatic immune responses were also ameliorated after MHLQD treatment. Mechanistically, proteomic changes in MHLQD-treated liver tissues were analyzed and the result showed that the thrombogenic von Willebrand factor (VWF) was significantly inhibited in MHLQD-treated ALF and ACLF models. Histological staining and western blotting confirmed that VWF/RAP1B/ITGB3 signaling was suppressed in MHLQD-treated ALF and ACLF models. Furthermore, mice treated with the VWF inhibitor ADAMTS13 showed a reduced therapeutic effect from MHLQD treatment. Conclusions: Our study indicated that MHLQD is an effective herbal formula for the treatment of ALF and ACLF, which might be attributed to the protection of hepatocytes from death via VWF/RAP1B/ITGB3 signaling.

/pdf/ancient-herbal-formula-mahuang-lianqiao-chixiaodou-decoction-23ikliao.pdf

Ancient Herbal Formula Mahuang Lianqiao Chixiaodou Decoction Protects Acute and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure via Inhibiting von Willebrand Factor Signaling

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Activation of MKK9‐MPK3/MPK6 enhances phosphate acquisition in Arabidopsis thaliana

Preparation of superhydrophobic polymeric film on aluminum plates by electrochemical polymerization.

A new organofunctional ethoxysilane self-assembly monolayer for promoting adhesion of rubber to aluminum.

Ancient Herbal Formula Mahuang Lianqiao Chixiaodou Decoction Protects Acute and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure via Inhibiting von Willebrand Factor Signaling