A global meta-analysis of greenhouse gases emission and crop yield under no-tillage as compared to conventional tillage

The concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere has been increasing since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the mightiest GHGs, and agriculture is one of the main sources of N2O emissions. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanisms triggering N2O emissions and the role of agricultural practices in their mitigation. The amount of N2O produced from the soil through the combined processes of nitrification and denitrification is profoundly influenced by temperature, moisture, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen contents. These factors can be manipulated to a significant extent through field management practices, influencing N2O emission. The relationships between N2O occurrence and factors regulating it are an important premise for devising mitigation strategies. Here, we evaluated various options in the literature and found that N2O emissions can be effectively reduced by intervening on time and through the method of N supply (30–40%, with peaks up to 80%), tillage and irrigation practices (both in non-univocal way), use of amendments, such as biochar and lime (up to 80%), use of slow-release fertilizers and/or nitrification inhibitors (up to 50%), plant treatment with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (up to 75%), appropriate crop rotations and schemes (up to 50%), and integrated nutrient management (in a non-univocal way). In conclusion, acting on N supply (fertilizer type, dose, time, method, etc.) is the most straightforward way to achieve significant N2O reductions without compromising crop yields. However, tuning the rest of crop management (tillage, irrigation, rotation, etc.) to principles of good agricultural practices is also advisable, as it can fetch significant N2O abatement vs. the risk of unexpected rise, which can be incurred by unwary management.

/pdf/management-strategies-to-mitigate-n2o-emissions-in-vgn7ne7i.pdf

Management Strategies to Mitigate N2O Emissions in Agriculture

Effects of long-term no tillage and straw return on greenhouse gas emissions and crop yields from a rice-wheat system in central China

The aquaculture industry requires good water quality for its successful operation but produces wastes that can cause environmental deterioration and pose high risks to the sector.Adequate waste treatment and recycling are necessary to make aquaculture a sustainable and profitable industry and contribute to the circular economy.Polluted water sources, excess feeding, overstocking, use of antibiotics/chemicals, and harmful algal blooms (HABs) are major causes of water quality deterioration and low production in aquaculture systems.Discharges of untreated wastes would have serious impacts on the receiving water bodies, and eventually on the aquaculture industry itself.Possible solutions include technological innovations in environmentally friendly production systems, use of efficient processes in water quality management, and improved legislation and governance.Environmentally feasible aquaculture production technologies such as RAS (recycling aquaculture system), IMTA (integrated multitrophic aquaculture), and aquaponics including features of waste recycling are viable 

pdf/water-quality-management-in-aquaculture-3q4tm38ql8.pdf

Water Quality Management in Aquaculture

Crop residues are of crucial importance to maintain or even increase soil carbon stocks and fertility, and thereby to address the global challenge of climate change mitigation. However, crop residues can also potentially stimulate emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils. A better understanding of how to mitigate N2O emissions due to crop residue management while promoting positive effects on soil carbon is needed to reconcile the opposing effects of crop residues on the greenhouse gas balance of agroecosystems. Here, we combine a literature review and a meta-analysis to identify and assess measures for mitigating N2O emissions due to crop residue application to agricultural fields. Our study shows that crop residue removal, shallow incorporation, incorporation of residues with C:N ratio > 30 and avoiding incorporation of residues from crops terminated at an immature physiological stage, are measures leading to significantly lower N2O emissions. Other practices such as incorporation timing and interactions with fertilisers are less conclusive. Several of the evaluated N2O mitigation measures implied negative side-effects on yield, soil organic carbon storage, nitrate leaching and/or ammonia volatilization. We identified additional strategies with potential to reduce crop residue N2O emissions without strong negative side-effects, which require further research. These are: a) treatment of crop residues before field application, e.g., conversion of residues into biochar or anaerobic digestate, b) co-application with nitrification inhibitors or N-immobilizing materials such as compost with a high C:N ratio, paper waste or sawdust, and c) use of residues obtained from crop mixtures. Our study provides a scientific basis to be developed over the coming years on how to increase the sustainability of agroecosystems though adequate crop residue management.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154388

A review and meta-analysis of mitigation measures for nitrous oxide emissions from crop residues.

Background: Much attention has been focused on the influences of residue returning on N2O emissions. However, comprehensive quantification of the effect size on N2O emission following crop residue returning in subtropical, tropical and warm temperate conditions remains untested. Methods: To identify site-specific factors that influence N2O emission (kg N2O-N ha−1) in residue returning systems, we performed a meta-analysis involving 260 comparisons from 72 studies. Results: The data indicated that significant promoting effects were observed under residue returning by rotary tillage, no-tillage and mulch, whereas N2O release was significantly inhibited by 8% under residue returning by plough. For other contributors, the stimulatory and significant effects occurred in upland fields, under short- and medium-term residue returning durations, acidic/neutral soils, medium organic C and clay content. Nitrogen fertilizer application significantly stimulated N2O emission, even though application rate at 100–150 kg N ha−1 was inhibitory. Although a negative correlation between residue C/N ratio and N2O emission has been shown, residue returning could not reduce N2O emission with a higher C/N ratio and amount. Conclusions: Some options, such as converting residue returning methods, decreasing N fertilizer application rate, and regulating soil C/N ratio could be adopted to mitigate soil N2O emission following residue returning.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/3/748/pdf

The Responses of Soil N2O Emissions to Residue Returning Systems: A Meta-Analysis

Water eutrophication caused by agricultural production has become one of the most important factors that impede sustainable rural environmental governance in China. As a result, the Chinese central and local governments want to reduce the use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and gain socioeconomical profit simultaneously by promoting crayfish and rice integrated system (CRIS) in the rural areas with abundant water resources. In this article, we investigated whether CRIS in Qianjiang, Hubei, the origin place of the system in China, contributes to fulfilling the governments’ expectations. We found that CRIS efficaciously cuts the fertilizer rate in rice production and boosts farmers’ incomes because crayfish has a demand for water quality and holds a large internal market requirement. However, higher profit encourages farmers to expand crayfish production and thus discourages the initiatives in rice production. The area of the ditch for crayfish production expands ceaselessly and exceeds the limit of regulation of CRIS. As a result, the CRIS in the areas has emerged as a practice of aquaculture but in farmland. This is a regulatory gap. The input–output analysis of CRIS by material balance method can also reveal that excessive feed for crayfish has become a new source of agricultural pollution. Beyond that, due to the changed irrigation system and increased water exchange frequency of CRIS, the pollution has transformed from passive distribution to active, which will increase the risk of water eutrophication on a large area.

Aquaculture Feeds Can Be Outlaws for Eutrophication When Hidden in Rice Fields? A Case Study in Qianjiang, China

Spatiotemporal dynamics and resource use efficiency in mariculture production: A case study in Southeastern China

Life cycle environmental impact assessment of rice-crayfish integrated system: A case study

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Papers

The Responses of Soil N2O Emissions to Residue Returning Systems: A Meta-Analysis

Aquaculture Feeds Can Be Outlaws for Eutrophication When Hidden in Rice Fields? A Case Study in Qianjiang, China

Spatiotemporal dynamics and resource use efficiency in mariculture production: A case study in Southeastern China

Life cycle environmental impact assessment of rice-crayfish integrated system: A case study