Recent startling interest for lanthanide luminescence is stimulated by the continuously expanding need for luminescent materials meeting the stringent requirements of telecommunication, lighting, electroluminescent devices, (bio-)analytical sensors and bio-imaging set-ups. This critical review describes the latest developments in (i) the sensitization of near-infrared luminescence, (ii) “soft” luminescent materials (liquid crystals, ionic liquids, ionogels), (iii) electroluminescent materials for organic light emitting diodes, with emphasis on white light generation, and (iv) applications in luminescent bio-sensing and bio-imaging based on time-resolved detection and multiphoton excitation (500 references).

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Lanthanide luminescence for functional materials and bio-sciences

Global environmental concerns and the escalating demand for energy, coupled with steady progress in renewable energy technologies, are opening up new opportunities for utilization of renewable energy resources. Solar energy is the most abundant, inexhaustible and clean of all the renewable energy resources till date. The power from sun intercepted by the earth is about 1.8 × 1011 MW, which is many times larger than the present rate of all the energy consumption. Photovoltaic technology is one of the finest ways to harness the solar power. This paper reviews the photovoltaic technology, its power generating capability, the different existing light absorbing materials used, its environmental aspect coupled with a variety of its applications. The different existing performance and reliability evaluation models, sizing and control, grid connection and distribution have also been discussed. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

A review of solar photovoltaic technologies

World׳s energy demand is growing fast because of population explosion and technological advancements. It is therefore important to go for reliable, cost effective and everlasting renewable energy source for energy demand arising in future. Solar energy, among other renewable sources of energy, is a promising and freely available energy source for managing long term issues in energy crisis. Solar industry is developing steadily all over the world because of the high demand for energy while major energy source, fossil fuel, is limited and other sources are expensive. It has become a tool to develop economic status of developing countries and to sustain the lives of many underprivileged people as it is now cost effective after a long aggressive researches done to expedite its development. The solar industry would definitely be a best option for future energy demand since it is superior in terms of availability, cost effectiveness, accessibility, capacity and efficiency compared to other renewable energy sources. This paper therefore discusses about the need of solar industry with its fundamental concepts, worlds energy scenario, highlights of researches done to upgrade solar industry, its potential applications and barriers for better solar industry in future in order to resolve energy crisis.

Solar energy for future world: - A review

The light-emitting element of the present invention includes a light-emitting layer and a layer for controlling movement of carriers between a pair of electrodes. The layer for controlling movement of carriers includes a first organic compound having a carrier transporting property and a second organic compound for reducing the carrier transporting property of the first organic compound, and the second organic compound is dispersed in the first organic compound. The layer for controlling movement of carriers is provided in such a manner, whereby change in carrier balance with time can be suppressed. Therefore, a light-emitting element having a long lifetime can be obtained.

Light-emitting element, light-emitting device, and electronic device

White organic light emitting devices (WOLEDs) are being considered as substitutes for conventional white light sources. They are efficient solid-state lighting sources and their power efficiencies have surpassed those of the incandescent light sources, especially due to recent improvement in device architectures, molecular engineering in synthesis of new materials and the incorporation of electrophosphorescent emitters. This paper reviews the various approaches to achieve white light emission from organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), their advantages, disadvantages and recent progress. The device architecture and problems related to various device designs have been discussed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0268-1242/21/7/R01/pdf

White organic LEDs and their recent advancements

White organic electroluminescent device with photovoltaic performances

A traditional hole-transporting (HT) material, 4,4′-bis[ N -(1-naphthyl)- N -phenylamino]biphenyl (NPB) was used as the host to fabricate a blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) in which the blue dopant emitter is 2,5,8,11-tetra- t -butyl-perylene (TBP) and the another NPB layer adjusted to thinner host was also used as the HT-layer. The blue electroluminescent (EL) was proved to be originated from the narrower doped layer and the adjacent NPB HT-layer. Compared with the previous blue EL devices based on TBP dopant, the performances of the blue OLED were improved by using a thinner NPB host layer. The blue OLED shows higher efficiency and better blue color saturation, such as the device behaving a maximum efficiency of 4.6 cd/A, CIE color coordinates of x  = 0.136 and y  = 0.173 at a bias of 5 V, and a peak luminance of 11,500 cd/m 2 at a bias of 20 V. The operation mechanism of the blue device was also discussed.

High efficiency and color saturated blue electroluminescence by using 4,4'-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl as the thinner host and hole-transporter

A bright white electroluminescence (EL) emission can be achieved using a minimum doping technique, that is, the concentration of the dopant DCJTB (4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljuloli-dyl-9-enyl)- 4H-pyran) was controlled to be 0.5 wt% of the host BAlq (bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(para-phenylphenolato)aluminium(III)). The white EL device structure is ITO/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) (5 nm)/N, N'-bis(naphthyl)-N, N'-diphenyl-1,1'- biphenyl-4,4'-diamine(NPB)(50 nm)/BAlq : DCJTB(0.5 wt%, 30 nm)/tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminium(III)(Alq3)(20 nm)/LiF(0.5 nm)/Al(100 nm). The white emission is composed of a red band from DCJTB and a blue emission from BAlq. A maximum luminance of 21 000 cd m−2 at the direct current driving voltage of 15 V, with a power efficiency of 1.10 lm W−1 at 11 V is achieved. The Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of the white emission are well within the white zone which moves from (0.32, 0.34) to (0.30, 0.32) when the applied voltage is varied from 8 to 11 V.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/38/8/006/pdf

White organic light-emitting diodes based on bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato) (para-phenylphenolato)aluminium(III) doped with tiny red dopant

Eu-complex organic electroluminescent (EL) devices with a double metal-mirror Fabry-Perot microcavity structure were constructed to increase luminance efficiency and to improve colour purity. By optimizing the device structure, bright pure red EL from the Eu3+ ion was obtained. The peak luminance of 1160 cd m−2 at 19 V and CIE coordinates of (x = 0.675, y = 0.320) at 12 V were achieved in the cavity device. The narrow-band emission peak was not changed with increasing detection angle, and the colour saturation of the top 45°-off normal EL emission was even better than that of top normal emission in noncavity devices, overcoming the emission colour blue-shift with increasing detection angle in traditional microcavity devices. It was more important that a significant improvement in EL quantum efficiency at high current density was observed in the cavity device and the increasing mechanism of the EL efficiency was also revealed, which should be mainly ascribed to the shortened lifetime of the excited state of the Eu3+ ion.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/39/7/005/pdf

Improved performance of europium-complex electroluminescent devices with metal-mirror microcavity

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Papers

White organic electroluminescent device with photovoltaic performances

High efficiency and color saturated blue electroluminescence by using 4,4'-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl as the thinner host and hole-transporter

White organic light-emitting diodes based on bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato) (para-phenylphenolato)aluminium(III) doped with tiny red dopant

Improved performance of europium-complex electroluminescent devices with metal-mirror microcavity